2005 Conference of Ford Fellows
Academic Exchange Session Abstracts

Pearlie Rose Salavria Baluyut, University of California, Los Angeles
”Institutions and Icons of Patronage: Arts and Culture in the Philippines during the Marcos Years, 1965-1986”
In an effort to understand the politics and aesthetics of the Marcos rule, this paper examines how Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos approximated the concept, existing modes, and dynamics of reciprocity by founding and/or reorganizing the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Philippine High School for the Arts, and the National Museum. Through these highly centralized institutions, which had the ability to cultivate, strengthen, and disseminate the value systems, traditions, and beliefs of the Filipinos as a people, as well as cross the lines of political constituency, kinship ties, and special interest groups, the Marcos rule engendered a condition of cultural rebirth in a magnitude and scale never to be seen again in the Philippines.
As opportunities for national self-representation and self-congratulatory displays of Philippine progress at home and abroad, these institutions served to articulate the power and enhance the image of the state. Rather than interpret the Marcoses’ support of the arts and culture only as political propaganda, this paper also construes their monopoly of the law and images and attendant gestures and rhetoric—from the legendary to the romantic, from the inspirational to the fabulous—as an exhibition of the self, a spectacular performance. Since patronage has the capacity to transform patrons, as sources of largesse, into icons of devotion in subtle and vulgar ways, Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos recast themselves as the origin and apotheosis of the Philippines, its people, and its history. Institutions of patronage, therefore, were not only integral to the epic of nation building; they also formed the iconography of the Marcos rule.
By framing the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Philippine High School of the Arts, and the National Museum as institutional elaborations of reciprocity, one can reconcile the politics and aesthetics of the Marcos rule and, more importantly, appreciate its contributions through and beyond the commodified illusions, blockbuster exhibitions, and seemingly immortal spectacles. As the episodes of Philippine history dramatically unfold, these institutions of patronage continue to operate in the service of politics, the nation, and the self to this day. Indeed, they constitute a forgotten legacy of the Marcos rule.

Carroll Parrott Blue, University of Central Florida
”Two new media communication prototypes: The Dubai Orlando Project and the Dawn Project”
The Dubai Orlando Project is being developed in association with Dubai Women’s College and University of Central Florida. This project will be a dual case study of an Orlando and a Dubai shopping center that will evolve into a virtual Shopping Mall.
The Dawn Project is being developed with Project Row Houses in Houston Texas. This combination Book/DVD-ROM/Website is a 19^th library reading room with 21^st century new media technologies for access to the films, photographs, written and oral histories on Houston’s Black Community.
In the development of the project’s design process we will be participating in what Jeffrey Inaba, one of our advisors, labels as Architectural Broadcasting.
His research work in the Columbia Laboratory For Architectural Broadcasting tests experimental forms of architectural communication. Rethinking architecture at a global scale, the lab sets up creative partnerships to broaden the range and increase the intensity of architectural discourse – launching unique events, provisional networks, special issues of magazines, video streams, television, radio and webcasts. The lab acts as a kind of training camp and energy source for incubating new channels for debate about architecture. Currently this specialized way of using Film and Digital Media is being developed by Mr. Inaba and fellow colleagues at the Southern California Institute of Architecture, the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture.
Because I believe that Film and Digital Media are tool sets for any discipline that needs to make the invisible visible and concepts concrete, my personal research interests dovetail with this group’s emerging efforts to move architectural and urban planning theories from text to monitor. I am expanding Architectural Broadcasting into a process of merging analog and digital text, audio, still and moving image to foster communication between architects, real estate developers, city planners, and citizens.

David T. Bradley, University of Nebraska
”The Sound of Buildings: Determining the Effects of Architectural Parameters on Sound Decay in Coupled Volume Spaces”
If a person were to enter a space and clap their hands once, the first aspect they would probably notice is the way that sound energy lingers in the space for a period of time. This length of time, specifically the time it takes for sound to decay to one millionth of its original intensity is defined as the reverberation time (RT). Normally, room acousticians deal with spaces that are known as single volume spaces, wherein the RT decays in a logarithmic fashion as a function of time. When the sound pressure level (SPL) – a logarithmic quantity – of the decay is plotted against time, a linear decay curve results.
By acoustically linking a secondary volume to a single volume space, the behavior of this decay can be drastically changed. A system utilizing coupled volumes typically consists of two or more spaces that are connected through an acoustically transparent opening known as a coupling aperture. The coupled spaces very often possess categorically different sound absorption characteristics, thus resulting in dissimilar decay times. When the secondary space exhibits a decay time that is longer than that of the main space, sound energy will be fed back into the main space at a later time. This late-arriving energy results in the phenomenon known as double slope decay, referring to the shape of the decay curve depicting SPL plotted as a function of time. This double slope effect results in acoustic conditions that are not typically seen in single volume spaces and may be preferred by listeners.
This presentation focuses on the effort to more clearly articulate the effect of certain architectural parameters on the non-exponential decay in coupled volume spaces. Of particular interest is the individual and interactive acoustic effects of three architectural parameters on the double slope decay from computer modeled coupled volume systems based on existing coupled volume concert halls. The three variables studied were volume, surface absorption, and aperture size. In this research, new quantifiers of acoustic phenomenon in couple volumes were developed that more uniquely identify the characteristics of double slope decay profiles when compared to quantifiers used in previous research studies. The results from this research utilized these new quantifiers to confirm the individual effects of the architectural parameters shown in previous studies, and showed interactive effects from these parameters that were not found using the more rudimentary quantifiers from the earlier work.

Keffrelyn D. Brown, University of Wisconsin, Madison
“What are We Really Afraid Of? Locating Conceptions of Risk Across a Multi-sited Educational Context”
Since the origins of large-scale U.S. compulsory schooling in the early twentieth century, policy makers and educators have expressed concern about underachieving students. Numerous categories have emerged over the twentieth century to define and name these students including: “backward children” (Richman, 1904), “educationally retarded” (Perry, 1914), “culturally deprived” (Riessman, 1962), “educationally deprived” (Clark, Deutsch, Gartner, Keppel, Lewis, Pettigrew, Plotkin, & Riessman, 1972), “educationally disadvantaged” (Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, 1965). It is both common (Land & Legters, 2002) and controversial for educational sites to deploy the most recent category—the “at-risk” student—with authors suggesting this classification draws from earlier categories used by educators to mark low achieving students as deficient (Cuban, 1989; Swadener, 1995).
Using Lupton’s four orientations of risk as a conceptual framework (Lupton, 1999), this multi-sited qualitative study (Marcus, 1995) examines how the concept of risk plays out over time across three, interconnected educational sites concerned with student academic achievement. Sites include U.S. federal education policy, policy institutes, and a national education research society. Findings suggest these sites rely on a techno-scientific orientation of risk (Lupton, 1999) that (1) focuses on locating and ameliorating potential effects of risk facing the student and larger society and (2) uses race and class status as markers for identifying potential risk. Highlighting the deeply entrenched perspectives of risk that circulate across multiple educational sites, these results question whether educational practitioners can effectively challenge such pervasive notions in their practice.

Robert Carrillo, Yale University
”Constructing a Genetically-Encoded, Synapse-Specific Calcium Indicator”
My area of study concentrates on the role of electrical activity in synapse formation and plasticity, including possible downstream effects of calcium influx. Axonal sprouting and synaptic rewiring are key regulators of neuronal plasticity in the developing and adult brain and electrical activity plays a prominent role. Genetically encoded indicators of neuronal activity offer great advantages over standard recording techniques or synthetic dyes. The ability to selectively and non-invasively express these indicators in a defined subset of neurons or to confine them to a specific subcellular compartment allows for great spatial resolution. One of these, G-CaMP, is constructed from a circularly permutated EGFP connected on its N-terminus to the M13 fragment of the myosin light chain kinase and on its C-terminus to calmodulin (CaM) (Nakai et al., 2001). Upon binding of calcium to CaM, a conformational change occurs in EGFP due to the interaction between the calcium-bound CaM and M13 and results in a fluorescence change. In Drosophila, G-CaMP has been expressed in olfactory neurons and in the mushroom body to study odor-responses (Wang, J. et al., 2003 and Wang, Y. et al, 2004). Recently, we acquired a line expressing G-CaMP pan-neuronally and have investigated the ability to monitor calcium fluxes at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) (Wu lab, unpublished). Upon stimulation (20-80 Hz), fluorescent changes are reproducibly seen throughout the neuron. While this is an achievement in itself, of great interest is to tether G-CaMP to a synaptic partner and localize it specifically to the sites of synaptic contact in order to allow for an increase in spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. One such ideal tag that is expressed pre and postsynaptically at the NMJ is discs large (dlg). Dlg is a type of membrane-associated guanylate kinase that functions in synaptic assembly and is composed of various domains, including: three PDZ domains, an SH3 domain, and a guanylate-kinase-like domain. I have acquired the necessary cDNAs from different labs to create the tagged-G-CaMP and currently in the process of constructing it. This tool can then be utilized to study the dynamic process of synaptic formation, retraction, and remodeling all of which require calcium.

Socorro Castañeda-Liles, University of California, Santa Barbara
“A Mi Virgensita la Llevo en la Sangre: A sociological account of Our Lady of Guadalupe in the lives of working class Chicanas & Mexicanas”
For centuries many people of Mexican descent, regardless of class, gender, generation, and in some cases religious tradition, have recognized Our Lady of Guadalupe as the most influential Catholic and cultural female symbol of Mexico. Although her narrative emerged over 470 years ago, for Mexican origin Catholics she is one of the most enduring cultural symbols of Mexican life both in the U.S. and in Mexico. With such a large and diverse following, it is not surprising that there are as many competing interpretations and ways of experiencing Guadalupe as there are people.
Theologians, historians, Chicana artists, and other intellectuals have played active roles in (re) defining Guadalupe, many times competing with each other over the right to interpret this spiritual symbol. However, who is Our Lady of Guadalupe for working-class Mexican origin women? In Latina/o families and communities, women are the main transmitters of faith and religious traditions. Thus, while working-class Mexican origin women do not participate in the more rarefied knowledge making on Guadalupe, they nonetheless receive, interpret, and construct knowledge about Guadalupe in their daily lives.
This presentation draws on two years of ethnographic research in Silicon Valley among one hundred working class self-identified Chicanas and Mexican immigrant women from three generational cohorts: single women, mothers, and grandmothers. Paying particular attention to generational difference, I examine what Robert Orsi refers to as the "network of relationships between heaven and earth" that these women have with Our Lady of Guadalupe (2005:2). I focus on issues of domestic violence, sexuality, and their faith relationship with Guadalupe. My findings reveal that these women exhibit a faith in Guadalupe that selectively engages popular Catholicism while at the same time transgressing it to recraft a situated feminism that is rooted in their own lived histories and struggles.
NOTE: "A mi Virgensita la llevo en la sangre" - "I carry her in my blood"
Erick Castellanos, Tufts University
“The Failure of Imagination: Latino Union Activism and Struggles in Washington State.”
Erick Castellanos (Tufts University) and Kathryn Heard (Whitman College)
Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Walla Walla, Wallula, and Pasco, Washington, this paper addresses the importance of the “imagined community” within the Teamsters Local 556 Union (the Local) in the Tyson Fresh Meats, Inc meatpacking plant (Tyson). We evaluate the strategies used by the Local to fight for its existence. During the period of our study, the union was actively pursuing, promoting, and encouraging a vision of Latino solidarity within the Local and a connectedness with Anglo communities outside of its own. However, with the recent decertification of the Local within the plant, it is prudent to question why the imagined community failed on both fronts. We examine the evidence that shows how the plant management was able to challenge a sense of community among the laborers. Furthermore, we explore the disconnect between those who produce meat and those who consume it. The failure of the Local to advance its own position will impact the conditions of the workers at the plant and the quality and safety of the meat available to consumers.

Anastasia C. Curwood, Vanderbilt University
”Stormy Weather: New Negro Marriages 1918-1940”
“Stormy Weather" combines intellectual and social history to conduct a much-needed history of African-Americans’ married lives in the twentieth century. It examines the interactions between social history realities, popular culture, and prescriptive social science on marriage and the family during the Great Depression. By placing gender roles at the center of inquiry, the study suggests that the concept of modernity in the family was intimately connected to changing and competing notions of wifely and husbandlike behavior. Therefore, this book reflects larger currents within modern United States culture. It shows how class, race, and gender interacted with modernizing trends such as professionalization, urbanization, and popular culture during a time of crisis in the United States political economy.
This study accomplishes its aim through two inquiries: one, it examines competing notions of “modern” marriage among self-proclaimed New Negroes, creators and consumers of popular culture, and early twentieth-century African-American feminists. The intellectual history of ideas about African Americans' marriages, and specifically the writings of W.E.B. Du Bois, E. Franklin Frazier, Charles S. Johnson, and Caroline Bond Day, play a prominent role in Stormy Weather.
In its second area of inquiry, this book observes black couples struggling to make these historical circumstances work on a personal level. Structural factors such as housing, jobs, and the growing acceptability and accessibility of birth control interacted with personal identities, temperaments and needs. Family letters, diaries, and photographs expose the daily reality of attempting to live up to contemporary ideals, and the gendered power struggles that individual men and women engaged in.

Robert Fairchild, Georgetown University
”Anionic ‘Guest’ Encapsulation Within Metalated ‘Hosts’”
Cryptophanes are macromolecular “hosts” that possess hollow cavities capable of recognizing and encapsulating a wide range of smaller “guest” molecular species. Hosts capable of guest encapsulation have attracted a great deal of attention due to their importance in the understanding of molecular recognition processes (both biochemical and synthetic), their use in molecular sequestration (isolation of harmful species from the environment and from waste and potential applications in gas storage) as well as their use in the stabilization of reactive intermediates within their cavities. While the range of guest species that cryptophanes have been shown to encapsulate is diverse, this behavior has been limited to either neutral or cationic (positive) species due the cavities electron rich (negative) lining. The recent development of exteriorly modified cryptophanes that bind anions will be presented and their synthesis and characterization will be discussed. The modification with electron withdrawing groups effectively reverses the host cavity’s electronic properties, enabling the constrictive encapsulation of anions utilizing a rarely studied anion-arene interaction. In general the modification has been shown to have considerable ramifications on the capsule’s i) guest binding preferences, ii) effective interior volume, and iii) rate of guest exchange. Though these hosts encapsulate a wide range of anions, from Cl^- to SbF₆^-, some remarkable selectivities have been observed. Several varieties of these cryptophane hosts have been synthesized and modified and their guest binding preferences have been probed. NMR and X-ray crystal structure determination of these molecules provides a clear picture of the nature of these host-guest interactions.

Aisha Finch, New York University
”Slave Communities, Labor, and Resistance in 1844: Cuba’s Conspiracy of La Escalera”
My paper focuses on the resistant activities and political cultures of rural Cuban slaves during the 1844 conspiracy of La Escalera. The 1844 conspiracy has long occupied a celebrated place in Cuban histories of slavery, abolition, and anti-colonialism, for both the prominent historical actors that it convened, and the international controversy that it sparked. As part of a larger work, my paper (re)directs our attention to those hundreds of enslaved people who frequently remain unnoticed by historians until the moment of repression, but whose stories indicate a substantial resistance movement in the making during the early 1840s.
Using the witness accounts from the trial records of 1844, this piece reconstructs some of the ways in which enslaved people were imagining and coordinating this moment of resistance. In this paper, I take a closer look at the physical and social spaces where African insurgents mobilized personal relationships, and articulated political aspirations. I attempt to show that the very work rhythms, social networks, and information pathways that shaped the daily lives of African, black, and mulatto slaves, were the same ones that gave rise to a larger insurrectionary momentum in the 1840s. In fact, I suggest here that one can only understand how such a momentum came into existence by revisiting some of the more mundane features of life on the rural plantations. In this paper, I frame the conspiracy of 1844 against the successive eruption of two of the island’s largest slave revolts in 1843. I discuss enslaved people’s organizing - and the relationships they developed with free people of color - as an outgrowth of these revolts, and as a series of multi-dimensional, sometimes contradictory projects.

David Flores, University of Michigan
”An Ethnographic Study of Day Labor Workers in the Urban Midwest”
Contingent work and day labor are becoming a common form of employment in U.S. metropolitan areas with rapidly growing Mexican, Central American, and South American communities. Contingent workers, such as day laborers, often lack legal U.S. residency and are thus vulnerable to exploitation from employers. This research is an ethnographic study of day labor workers in an urban area of the Midwest. The objective of this research is to examine the everyday lived experiences of day labor workers and how the process of day labor functions in the Midwest.
This Midwestern city is suffering high rates of unemployment and reporting a decline in its population due to the loss of factory work primarily in the auto industry. In contrast, this same city is also home to a rapidly growing Mexican population that is finding work and opportunity. Many of the Mexican immigrants migrating to this Midwestern city are undocumented and find work in the informal labor market. In this study, I investigate how undocumented workers enter into the process of day labor and how members of this group negotiate employment in this “abandoned” region of the country.
Contingent work and day labor are increasingly replacing industrial and unionized labor in the United States. Contingent work is popular among employers because it relieves them of financial responsibilities such as the payment of health benefits, union demands, and in the case of undocumented workers – taxes. The findings in this research will provide a better understanding of contingent work and the process of day labor. Thus, we can then begin to examine the restructuring of labor markets caused by the outsourcing of blue-collar factory work and influx of people into the US who are finding employment in the informal labor market.

Sabine E. French, University of Illinois at Chicago
”Ethnic Identity in Context”
With the growing diversity of the US, race and ethnicity have become increasingly salient in our society. Ethnic identity – the extent to which one identifies with one’s racial or ethnic group – is recognized as an important dimension of the identity of racial or ethnic minority group members. One of the goals of this fellowship year was to examine those factors that promote or hinder a positive sense of ethnic identity by examining a cohort of ethnically diverse college students. Two important factors in the promotion of a positive sense of ethnic identity are parental racial socialization and racial congruence.
Racial socialization has been demonstrated to be salient in the process of positive racial identity development in African Americans. However, little research has examined racial socialization in Latino Americans. While the experience of Latinos in the US is different than that of African Americans, Latinos do experience discrimination and racism, and they are part of a devalued group in US society. The family has been demonstrated to be a strong factor in the positive development of Latinos; thus, parental racial socialization messages to Latino children and adolescents should play an important role in the development of ethnic identity. In order to examine the role of parental racial socialization practices on the ethnic identity of Latino late adolescents, 106 Latino college freshman and 45 of their parents were surveyed. Five dimensions of ethnic identity were assessed: regard, centrality, affirmation/belonging, exploration, and other-group orientation as well as 4 dimensions of racial ideology: humanist, assimilationist, nationalist and oppressed minority. As predicted, regression analyses illustrate that racial socialization plays a positive and significant role in adolescent ethnic identity, as assessed by both parent and adolescent.
Next, in order to examine the role of racial congruence in ethnic identity, friendships/interactions with same ethnic group members in multiple contexts with 301 college students (43 African-Americans, 178 Asian-Americans and 80 Latino-Americans) were examined. The five measures of racial congruence (racial composition of high school, neighborhood, college friends, friends from home and parents’ friends) were subjected to a cluster analysis. This cluster analysis illustrated that for all three ethnic groups participants belonged to either low, medium or high congruence groups; that is, students were consistent in all contexts in terms of the percentage of friends of the same ethnicity. Same ethnicity friends made up the majority, a small minority, or an average amount in all contexts. In addition, students with high congruence contexts reported higher levels of ethnic identity than students in low congruence contexts. Suggesting that racial congruence is related to ethnic identity.

Julie A. Garcia, Stanford University
”Motivations to Disclose a Concealable Stigma: Exploring the Antecedents and Consequences of Ego-based and Non-ego based Goals”
Stigmatized identities are highly discrediting (Goffman, 1963). Some stigmas are concealable, affording the option to disclose or conceal these identities. However, the decision to disclose a concealable stigma is a weighty one. On the one hand, stigmatized people could be motivated to disclose a stigma because they want support, to create closeness with others, or contribute to breaking down group stereotypes. On the other hand, in disclosing, they risk being rejected, discriminated against, or physically harmed. Because the decision to disclose a concealable stigma can lead to both costs and benefits, it is important to understand when disclosure has positive effects and when it has negative effects. I propose that the effects of disclosing a stigma depend on the motivations of the discloser. Specifically, disclosure will have more positive consequences when decisions to disclose or conceal a stigma are guided by concern for something larger than the self (ecosystem goals) than when they are guided by concern for gains and losses to the self (egosystem concerns), This study examined motivations for disclosing or concealing a concealable stigma, to test the hypotheses that: 1) these motivations load on two factors corresponding to egosystem and ecosystem goals; 2) ecosystem motivations for disclosure have more positive effects on disclosure and psychological well-being; and 3) rejection sensitivity and low self-esteem are associated with higher egosystem and lower ecosystem motivations. Forty-five people with depression and 48 sexual minorities participated in a diary study and reported disclosure opportunities everyday for two weeks. Participants also completed measures of goals and well-being before and after the daily reports. People with egosystem goals not only disclosed less, but also experienced lower psychological well-being when they did disclose. Conversely, people with ecosystem goals disclosed more and experienced greater psychological well-being while doing so. These results suggest that the consequences of disclosure depend on whether the goal of the disclosure is related to egosystem or ecosystem motivations.

Genelle Gaudinez, University of Southern California
”Colonialism and Class Contrast: Comparing Filipino and Puerto Rican Labor Im/migration”
Filipinos and Puerto Ricans have been im/migrating to the U.S. since they became American colonies in 1898. Both groups worked as labor migrants, but the class status of Filipinos and Puerto Ricans has diverged in the past fifty years. In contrast to Puerto Ricans who have consistently labored in fields and factories throughout the twentieth century, Filipinos moved away from their working class backgrounds and have emerged as highly educated professional immigrants since 1965. Given that both Filipino and Puerto Rican im/migration is made possible by American imperialism, what accounts for the remarkable difference in the labor status of these citizen/immigrants? In this paper, I argue that American colonialism has effected particular economic and educational structures in the Philippines and Puerto Rico. More specifically, I demonstrate that the plantation economy and Operation Bootstrap equipped the majority of Puerto Ricans with menial labor skills. A heavily Americanized educational system in the Philippines, on the other hand, trained Filipinos for professional labor. In addition, I call attention to the role of the Cold War in intensifying the professionalization of American education in the Philippines. Finally, I elucidate the role of “contexts of reception” (Portes & Rumbaut, 1996: 84) in the U.S. in attracting both Puerto Rican laborers and Filipino professionals to suit domestic labor needs. In sum, I argue that the class status of Filipino and Puerto Rican im/migrants is shaped in large part by the legacies of American colonial structures in the home country as well as changing labor demands on the mainland. This study thus suggests that American colonialism is not only enduring in its effects, but that perhaps further investigation is needed to understand relations of economic dependency between the U.S. and its former/colonies.

Phillip Atiba Goff, Pennsylvania State University
”Calling it racism: White identity, history, and the new politics of racism”
The United States’ discourse on racial inequality is dominated by the centrality of prejudice and stereotyping. That is, researchers and lay people alike are convinced that the problem of racial inequality is caused by individuals’ prejudices and stereotypes. Consequently, the solution to the problem of racism lies in the eradication of individual level prejudice and stereotypes. This discourse neglects the possible role of identity processes, history, and social structures in the construction and maintenance of racial inequality. In the present research, we attempt to show that the identity processes attached to White racial identity, and particular historical constructions of race can create and maintain racial inequality in the absence of explicit prejudice or stereotypes about out-group members.
In the first set of studies, we capitalize on the fact that social psychologists have come to know a great deal about stigmatized identities and individuals under threat. Our research looked to extend this knowledge to dominant groups by asking: what happens when an individual perceives that he or she is at risk of being stereotyped as racist by virtue of being a dominant group member? More specifically, we wondered if the threat of being perceived as stereotypically White could motivate prejudiced behaviors. In a series of studies, White participants engaged in more avoidant behavior (measured in physical distance) towards Black participants than from White participants when discussing racially charged topics. This “social distance”—a classic measure of discrimination—is created due to Whites’ concern with being seen as racist. Moreover, an individual’s level of prejudice did not predict or moderate these effects. It is our argument that many ostensibly “prejudiced” behaviors may result more from the defense of White identity than from other, more obviously sinister causes.
In the second set of studies, we produce evidence that White identity threat is differentially negotiated depending on the historical representations of “Whiteness” available to Whites. When interacting with Blacks, for instance, Whites view race, and, consequently, Whiteness as a marker of power, hierarchy, and injustice. When interacting with Asians, however, they view race and Whiteness as a marker of culture and heritage. Since the conceptualization of race as power is more threatening to Whites than the conceptualization of race as culture, Whites may behave more discriminatorily toward Blacks not because of anti-Black prejudice, but because of the identity threat Blacks represent. That is, anti-Black discrimination may be more about Whites conceptions of themselves than their conception of Blacks. Similarly, Whites may deny the importance and privileges of their racial identity more when race is represented as power, making racial progress for all groups the more difficult.
Ultimately, the aim of this research is to create a language for racism and racial injustice that does not require sinister “hearts and minds” in order to legitimate the need to redress racial inequality. Rather, I wish to argue that racism exists, by definition, in the fabric of a culture. The identity threats faced by Whites reside in their immediate social contexts, not in their head, though each individual must encounter these threats and negotiate them individually. Similarly, the reaction to particular historical constructions of race requires us to see that prejudice and stereotyping are but bricks in the vast wall of racial injustice.

T. S. Harvey, Case Western Reserve University
”The Anatomy of Race: An Essay Towards Lasting Equality”
This paper will seek to breach the physical, political, and institutional ‘skin’ of race in the United States (and in particular in universities). My gaze will be submarine, an invasive philosophical and socio-scientific excavation of the embodiment, institutionalization and (co)modification of race. More an autopsy than an anatomy of race, the paper will assume (as anthropology has for sometime) that race is dead and focus on its physical effigies, its institutional artifacts, and its social effects. Some of the specific issues that will be explored here are: 1) the appropriation of ancestry in the production of racialized bodies (embodiment); 2) university diversity or: are some minorities more minority than others? (institutionalization); 3) resurrecting race in the name of equality (comodification); 4) the primacy of lived experience, towards the cultivation of a lasting equality.

Amina Humphrey, University of California, Los Angeles
”Reading Race, Reading Gender: An Analysis of Picture Books about Skin Color and Hair Texture for African American Females”
Since the late 90s, there has been a surge in children's picture books revolving around the issue of hair texture and/or skin color for African American girls between the ages of 1-10. The purpose of these picture books is to discuss hair and/or skin as a means of promoting self-esteem in African American children. And typically within each story, issues of skin color or hair are addressed within a Black cultural framework. In developing the plot, the author will normally use skin color and/or hair texture as a way to address coming of age, beauty, or self-esteem.
In this qualitative research, I examine picture books about skin color and hair for African American females, and I also examine the readings of these texts between mothers and daughters. I argue that these books because of the sensitive subject matter and the history of racism could be used in ways that help daughters, as well as their mothers feel better or possibly worse about their hair or skin. In using this argument, I will rely on the following theoretical frameworks: Black Feminist Theory, Black Feminist Thought, Womanist Theory, Critical Race Feminism, and Reader Response Theory.
Additionally, the questions that I ask in this research relate to the social and cultural aspects of race, gender, femininity, and beauty as they apply to African American females. More specifically, I want to understand how mothers interpret these texts and the ways in which they use these texts with their daughters.
By interviewing African American mothers, they can validate or refute my interpretations of these texts. The following questions will guide me in this research.
1. What are the various interpretations of skin color and hair texture that appear in the picture books?
2. What are the various mothers’ interpretations of these picture books?
3. What happens when African American mothers read the books with their little girls during the mother/child reading sessions?
4. What is the range and the frequency of variation during the mother/child reading sessions in how the mother and child engage the texts in relation to their own lives?
5. What is the range and the frequency of variation in what mothers say in individual interviews and in focus groups about the books and about the reading sessions with their own child? In order to answer the aforementioned questions, I will perform the following tasks:

In trying to understand the ways in which the mothers will address the issues within the text, I have envisioned various scenarios, such as textually-driven delivery and/or supplemental-delivery. For example, will the mother rely heavily upon the text without activating background knowledge or without engaging her daughter in a discussion of the terms, characters, setting, or the plot? If this scenario occurs, how will the child react? Will she ask questions of her mother about the story, and if she does, how will the mother address these questions, if her delivery is driven by the text?
A second possible scenario could be a mother that makes connections between her life, the child’s life, and what is presented in the text. If this scenario should occur, I will look for ways in which the mother supplements the text. Does the mother talk about the story and relate it to the child or to her own experiences? Does the mother discuss the pictures in the story and how they relate to events in either the mother’s or the daughter’s life? Is there a discussion of the terms, ideas about beauty, or self-esteem? Does the mother use these books as a segue to discuss ideas and representations of beauty and self-esteem? If the mother makes connections, will the child begin to make connections on her own?
By beginning to envision these various scenarios and by asking analytical questions, I will be able to look for various patterns, as well as frequency and variation in the delivery styles. This will allow me to understand the way in which individual Black women interpret these texts. Also, it will allow me to see how children begin to understand these particular issues within the cultural confines of these mother/child reading interactions.

Deborah L. Jaramillo, University of Texas at Austin
”High Concept Reimagined: CNN, FNC, and the 2003 invasion of Iraq”
Too often, I hear or read the comment that the manner in which war is represented on television news is “like a movie.” Unfortunately, this statement is never followed by an examination of what that resemblance actually means. The simple act of making the connection between movies and news neglects the implications of entertainment-driven war coverage. My aim is to advance a more informed and systematic way of dealing with that characterization. I want to strip television news of its stature as somehow divorced from and above the rest of television programming. Along those lines, I want to re-insert cable news into the entertainment industry and analyze it based on the history and contemporary state of that industry. In sum, I want to propose that the ideological and political importance of televised war can only be understood by studying visuals, sound, narrative, and the industry that profits from the spectacular packaging of those three.
My research involves the way in which CNN and Fox News Channel (FNC) positioned and packaged the U.S. military’s 2003 invasion of Iraq. I have chosen CNN and FNC because they are not only the two highest rated cable news channels, but they also project themselves as diametric opposites. I place those two channels and that key moment within the context of post-classical Hollywood entertainment, one offshoot of which is known as high concept. I want to argue that high concept—a style of filmmaking inextricably linked to conglomeration, new technologies, and a hyperactive impulse to market—can be imported easily into the study of cable news and used as an alternative model to understand the politics of entertainment-driven war coverage.

John Kauwe, Washington University of St. Louis
”A Scan of Chromosome 10 Identifies Novel Candidate Genes Showing Strong Association to Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease”
Strong evidence of linkage to late onset Alzheimer’s disease has been observed on chromosome 10, implicating a wide region and at least one disease susceptibility locus. Although significant associations with several biological candidate genes on chromosome 10 have been reported, these findings have not been consistently replicated and remain controversial.
In order to identify chromosome 10 genes associated with the risk of developing LOAD we performed a chromosome 10 specific association study with 1,430 gene-based single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, allele frequency ≥2%). The scan covered 728 genes; each gene contained one or more markers, the majority of which represented putative functional mutations. Initial tests were performed in a Caucasian case-control sample from the St. Louis area with 419 LOAD cases and 377 aged-matched controls. Markers that showed significant association in the exploratory analysis were followed up in two other Caucasian case-control sample sets to confirm the initial association. The replication case-control sets included a total of 670 LOAD cases and 819 controls, collected in the San Diego area and in the UK.  Of the 1,398 markers tested in the exploratory sample, 69 reached significance (P=<0.05). Of these, 5 markers were replicated at P<0.05 after genotyping the replication sample sets. One marker, rs498055, located in a gene homologous to RPS3A, was significantly associated with AD in each of the three case-control series, with an allelic P-value of 0.00004 (OR=1.3) from a meta-analysis of all 3 samples.  This marker was also tested in an additional case-control sample which was constructed from our linkage sample and an independent set of controls (P=0.0165 OR=1.257).  In addition, haplotypes composed of 5 SNPs including rs498055, were also significantly associated with LOAD (global P value of 0.00079).
These results indicate that variants in the RPS3A homolog and haplotypes in the RPS3A homolog region are associated with LOAD and implicate this gene, adjacent genes or other functional variants (e.g. non-coding RNAs) in the pathogenesis of this disorder.

Kim Lewis, Louisiana State University
“Conductive Probe Atomic Force Microscopy Characterization of Porphyrin-Based Molecules for Molecular Electronics”
K. M. Lewis^1,2, Raghu Ramachandran¹, Sathish Thiruvengadam¹, Royston Siow¹, Theda Daniels-Race^1,2
Louisiana State University
¹Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
²Center for Computation and Technology, Baton Rouge, LA
The concept of individual molecules functioning as switches, wires or memory elements in an electronic circuit has emerged as a new field called Molecular Electronics (ME). Although the realization of ME predicts exciting applications ranging from molecular based computers to unique drug delivery methods, issues remain to be resolved before these devices can be integrated into a circuit. One of the issues involves using a reliable measurement technique to characterize novel organic materials for the determination of molecular level transport properties. In this work we propose to use conductive probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) to study the charge transport through dithiolated porphyrin-based molecules, an organic material that could be used for molecular memory storage. Porphyrin molecules with a thiol attached will be inserted into an alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on a gold surface. Gold nanoparticles will be used to locate the end of the dithiolated porphyrin molecule protruding from the SAM. An atomic force microscope with a conductive tip will be used to make contact to a single or a few porphyrin molecules to measure current-voltage (I-V) characteristics. We expect that CP-AFM will show I-V characteristics exhibiting evidence of transport properties resulting from direct tunneling.

Reness Pualani Louis, University of Hawaii, Manoa
”Hawaiian place names: Mnemonic symbols in a Hawaiian performance cartography”
Hawaiians used place names as mnemonic symbols to encode their knowledge of the environment. Place names performed in daily rituals (i.e., stories, chant, song, and dance) were a conscious act of re-implacing genealogical connections, re-creating cultural landscapes, and re-generating cultural mores. Those performing these traditional practices deliberately incorporated familiarity, awareness, expertise, and fluency of the spatial relationships of their environments thereby communicating cartographically.
This presentation proposes to investigate Hawaiian 'performance cartography', a cartographic tradition cultivated in oral traditions still being practiced today despite the eroding presence of Hawaiian names and cartographic traditions on Western map products (i.e., U.S.G.S. topographic maps). In addition, it will also seek to understand the nature of Hawaiian cartography, its parallelism with Western cartography, its depiction, communication, display techniques.
The main goal of this research is to attain a better understanding of the development of Hawaiian cartography, its cognitive relationships with Hawaiian culture, livelihood, and the landscape, and offer a comparison of its scientific paradigms with those of Western cartography. The broader impacts of the results of this research is a cooperative effort with the U.S.G.S. to revive and preserve this important Hawaiian tradition by suggesting and replacing place names back to the Hawaiian tradition and adopt them into the GNIS, to educate mapping agencies as well as future Hawaiian generations the cognitive, cultural, spatial, cartographical implications of Hawaiian place names. Furthermore, it will raise awareness of indigenous cartography among practitioners of Western cartography.

Joel A. Martinez, University of Arizona
”Virtue Ethics and Moral Education”
In recent years, moral theorists have paid increasing attention to a class of theories called “virtue theories”. Virtue theories take the notions of virtue and character to be central to understanding and answering some of the most fundamental questions in moral philosophy. Virtue theories, however, have not only helped us discover new and illuminating answers to old questions, they have also helped us formulate new questions and new areas of research. In this final chapter of my dissertation (written with the generous support of the Ford Foundation), I argue that virtue theories can help us stake out new programs of research in the interdisciplinary field of moral education.
Specifically, I argue that moral philosophers have made significant progress in understanding the notion of a habit and its role in the education of virtue and character. The notion of a habit as more than simply a “mindless” pattern of behavior can help us see how virtue and character approaches to moral education do not suffer from the alleged devastating objections leveled against them by Lawrence Kohlberg (most notably, the “bag of virtues” objection). Even more surprising, understanding the role of habituation in a virtue approach to moral education helps us see that Kohlberg-inspired programs of moral education and virtue approaches need not be considered at odds, as they have for so many years.
If time permits, I would also like to make some brief remarks on how virtue theories are not committed to a form of ethical relativism (as Kohlberg argued), but, in the same spirit as this conference, can help us see the value of diversity.

Kileen L. Mershon, University of California, Los Angeles
”Generation of Human IgGs Against GXM with Alterations in Effector Functions”
Kileen L. Mershon¹*; Yun Kim¹; Chun-Wei Lai¹; Sherie L. Morrison¹; David O. Beenhouwer^123
1Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
²Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
³Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
Background: Understanding the role antibody effector functions play in passive protection is essential for developing effective antibody therapeutics to combat infectious diseases. Passively administered variable region identical monoclonal antibodies of the four human IgG subclasses differ in their ability to modulate murine infection with Cryptococcus neoformans: IgG2 and IgG4 prolong the lives of infected mice, while IgG3 does not and IgG1 decreases survival. The nonprotective IgG1 and IgG3 effectively mediate complement fixation and phagocytosis of C. neoformans, while the protective IgG2 and IgG4 do not. To further define the role of antibody effector functions in passive protection against cryptococcosis, we have introduced point mutations into protective and nonprotective isotypes that alter their ability to either fix complement, bind the three classes of Fc receptors for IgG (FcgR) or both.
Methods: Guided by previously published studies mapping FcgR and complement binding regions on human IgG1, we introduced point mutations into wild type human anti-GXM IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 using overlapping primers. After verifying the proper sequences, mutated heavy and wild type light chain (human kappa) vectors were transfected via electroporation into the non-productive murine myeloma NS0/1. Transfectants were initially screened by ELISA for production of IgG and then labeled by growth in ³⁵S-methionine, and the heavy and light chains precipitated from the supernatants. Radiolabeled precipitates were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Transfectants were subcloned at least two times to ensure uniform cultures. Mutant IgGs were affinity purified from culture supernatants using protein A Sepharose.
Results: Eight effector function mutant IgGs against GXM were created (predicted phenotype indicated in parentheses): IgG1-N297Q, which lacks the N-linked carbohydrate in C_H2 (no FcgR or complement binding). IgG1-D265A (no FcgR binding), IgG1-P331S (no complement fixation), IgG1-E333S (enhanced complement activation), IgG2-E333S (complement activation), IgG2-D270E (decreased binding to FcgRII), IgG2-V234L/A235L/-236G (FcgR binding like IgG1), IgG4-S331P (complement activation). The antibodies were of the expected size and assembled appropriately. Antibodies were further analyzed for their ability to bind antigen, fix complement, bind FcgRs and mediate phagocytosis of C. neoformans.
Conclusions: We have generated eight effector function mutants of human IgG directed against GXM, which vary from wild type in their ability to bind FcgR and/or complement. These reagents will allow us to probe the intricacies of how antibody effector functions relate to efficacy in murine cryptococcosis. Further studies should define the best antibody properties for design of antibody therapeutics against cryptococcosis and other infections as well.

James W. Mickens, University of Michigan
”Modeling Epidemic Spreading in Mobile Environments”
With the continuing proliferation of portable wireless devices such as laptops and cell phones, mobile networks are becoming an important part of our everyday networking infrastructure. However, the growth of mobile networking is leading to new security challenges. As the wired Internet became more popular, there was a corresponding surge in the amount of malicious code which used the Internet as its transmission mechanism. Similarly, as mobile networks become more common, they too will become attractive targets for virus writers. Indeed, IBM's 2004 Business Security Report forecast that virus propagation amongst mobile devices would be an increasingly dangerous problem. Devising epidemiological models for mobile environments is therefore an important research area. Unfortunately, standard modeling methodologies are inaccurate when applied to mobile networks. In this work, we draw on techniques from statistical physics, mathematical biology, and computer science to create a new model for viral dynamics in mobile networks.
Traditional computer viruses spread across spatially dimensionless topologies, i.e., the links in the connectivity graph do not indicate geographic distance. For example, email attachment viruses spread through email contact graphs. Two computers which are separated by n contacts may be as physically close as two machines separated by m > n contacts. Epidemiologically, the only salient feature of the graph is the connectivity distribution. Traditional computer viruses also spread over topologies which change slowly. For example, the time scale over which people acquire new email contacts is large relative to the speed with which an email virus propagates.
Using the short-range wireless radios found in laptops, cell phones, and PDAs, mobile viruses launch proximity attacks upon vulnerable machines that are physically nearby. In these scenarios, capturing the spatial relationships between nodes is key to understanding the infection dynamic. Furthermore, since machines move with their users, the communication topology is now fluid. Devices within each other's infection range at one moment may be far from each other in the near future. Similarly, nodes that are currently distant may be brought nearer by the movement of their users. This means that viral models for mobile networks must treat the fluidity of the topology as a first-class concern.
Our work makes three contributions. First, it shows that naive application of standard viral models to mobile environments leads to erroneous predictions. These mispredictions are often as severe as forecasting an endemic network-wide infection when the virus will actually die out quickly. Second, this paper explains why the standard models fail, namely, because they ignore node velocity and improperly capture the fluctuating connectivity distributions that arise in mobile environments. Third, this work proposes a new framework for understanding epidemics in mobile environments. This new model, called probabilistic queuing, explicitly incorporates notions of node mobility and connectivity variance. Using dynamical mean-field techniques from statistical physics, stochastic modeling methods from mathematical biology, and mobility models from computer science, we derive an accurate threshold condition which relates the virulence of malicious code to the likelihood that it will cause an endemic network-wide infection. We also provide accurate estimates of these persistent infection levels.

Jerry Miller, Haverford College
“How to Be Immune to Terror”
The open threat of imminent yet unforeseeable death is one of terrorism’s most chilling features. However, rather than question what it means to be thrust suddenly under the threat of terror, I wish to do the opposite: to understand what it means to experience terror I want to consider what it means to be unable to be terrorized, to be immune to terror, or rather, to have terror be so constitutive of one’s identity that the notion of a prior innocence remains unthinkable.
Michel Foucault traces the 18^th century shift from state power as the sovereign right to take life at any moment (the state as terrorist) to the obligation to preserve and ‘make’ life (the state as defender against terrorism). This historical shift would seem to provide the condition of possibility for our current understanding of terrorism as a force antithetical to state power rather than its primary tool. Yet there exists, Foucault tells us, one exception to this transition—an atavism whereby the state preserves itself as terroristic. This exception is racism.
Under racism, the state maintains its terroristic regime over a disenfranchised group, such that the members of the group experience themselves not merely as potential victims of imminent death, but as those who come to be defined through this terror. Such a condition might aptly apply to black people in the U.S., a group whose racial identity and epistemological particularity is inseparable from their status as subjects of state terror. Thus Cornel West reframed post-9/11 laments of a national loss of innocence as a ‘niggerization,’ thereby emphasizing the relation of ‘foreign’ and state terror.
Such a reading takes state terrorism as something enacted not against black people, but as the very phenomenon that makes them ‘black.’ But if produced through terror, how can black people actually experience terror? Consider that if terror constitutes blackness, then it is the natural and normative condition of black people. No innocence would thus precede, or be corrupted by, terror. Black people would be immune to terror, paradoxically, through their very subjection to terror. This paper explores this dilemma of how terror can constitute subjective identity yet simultaneously threaten the subject’s annihilation.

Shirley Moody, University of Maryland
“Anna Julia Cooper and the Hampton Folklore Society: Theorizing a Black Folk Aesthetic”
At a formative moment in both the emergence of folklore studies and the construction of the black folk as a Southern rural phenomenon, the predominately black Hampton Folklore Society (1893-1900), which was founded at the Hampton Institute, played a crucial role in collecting black folk materials and in providing a forum for the discussion of issues related to black folklore. The larger African American intellectual community saw the project, not just as a collection of folktales, but as a potential stimulus for an African American literary tradition rooted in black folk culture. Specifically, this talk examines the role of Anna Julia Cooper, who, although not ordinarily associated with black folklore, maintained formal associations with the Hampton Folklore Society and in an 1894 address to the Hampton folklorists, fervently argued for the validation of black folk traditions as a source of authority for African American literature, one that provided an alternative to the racist constructions of black folklore prevalent in the post-Reconstruction era. Cooper asserted that the Society’s treatment of black folklore could promote an African American literary tradition that challenged the cultural dominance assigned to Western Civilization by offering a black literary aesthetic freed from the dictates of Western literary models. Recovering the story of the Hampton Folklore Society illuminates an inaugural moment in the wedding of black folklore with African American literature during which time unlikely scholars, such as Anna Julia Cooper, explored how black folklore could best serve as a viable component in creating a black literary aesthetic.

Kimberly Rios Morrison, Stanford University
”The Effects of Threat and Ingroup Identification on Social Dominance Orientation”
Three studies demonstrated that Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), or endorsement of group-based hierarchy, can increase as a result of threats to the ingroup’s power, material resources, and/or general welfare. However, this effect is only present in highly-identified group members, who are particularly likely to perceive these threats and be concerned with protecting their ingroup. In Study 1, SDO and perceptions of realistic threat from Asian Americans were positively correlated among highly racially-identified European Americans and uncorrelated among less racially-identified European Americans. Study 2 replicated Study 1 using an experimental manipulation of realistic threat. Non Asian American participants exhibited higher SDO after responding to threatening statements about Asian Americans than after responding to non-threatening statements about Asian Americans, but only if they were highly identified with their race. Study 3 extended the generalizability of these findings to non-racial groups. Undergraduate students in the humanities and social sciences were made to feel either threatened or non-threatened by science majors. Among participants who identified strongly with their field of study, those in the threatening condition had higher subsequent levels of SDO than those in the control (non-threatening) condition. The results of these studies shed light on the process by which attitudes toward group-based inequality arise. Specifically, they show that SDO is a function not only of the objective position of one’s ingroup in the social hierarchy, but also of the perceived stability of this position.

Melanie Moses, University of New Mexico
“Metabolic scaling FROM Individuals TO Societies”
The flux of energy and materials constrains all organisms, and allometric relationships between rates of energy consumption and other biological rates are manifest at many levels of biological organization. I examine relationships between social organization, energy consumption and reproductive rates. I present a model relating human reproductive rates to industrial metabolism, the consumption of fossil fuels and other technological energy in contemporary nations. Empirically, reproductive rates decline as industrial metabolism increases with a scaling exponent of -1/3, as predicted by allometric theory. I examine metabolic networks in human societies, mammals and ant colonies and show how common geometric properties of networks may lead to common patterns in energy acquisition and allocation in individuals and societies.

Eden Osucha, Duke University
”The Intimate Bounds of Whiteness: Private Personhood between the Commodity and the Color Line”
In 1890, the Harvard Law Review published what is widely regarded as one of the most influential articles in the history of American legal scholarship. However, the revolution in the law promoted by Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis’s “The Right to Privacy” did not take root in American legal doctrine until New York state’s Roberson v. Rochester Folding Box Co. (1901), a case whose overturning on appeal of an earlier decision asserting the individual’s right to privacy over the free speech claims of the proverbial adman directly prompted the passage in that state of the nation’s first privacy legislation.
The original suit in Roberson concerned a young white woman whose photographic likeness was reproduced without her permission on the packaging and advertisements for mass-marketed flour mixes. As there was no existing precedent for restricting representations of the private individual in public life aside from slander or libel the plaintiff’s case rested largely on Warren and Brandeis’s argument, which sought to safeguard the individual against what they perceived as the injurious effects of modes of the related growth of advertising and media industries. They were specifically concerned with was the capacity of these industries, and of their corresponding markets, to publicize and thereby violate the most intimate aspects of social life. The specific circumstances of the case seemed to emanate directly from the legal imagination of the authors of “The Right to Privacy.” Yet Roberson was not the first major legal case of its era in which individual “reputation”—the conceptual linchpin of Warren and Brandeis’s essay—emerged as a distinctive form of property, both uniquely valuable and uniquely vulnerable. Only five years prior, the infamous Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) ratified the heritable social value of a “reputation for being white.”
I take Plessy’s largely overlooked rhetorical convergence with “The Right to Privacy,” Roberson, and other outtakes from the early history of privacy doctrine to indicate how privacy’s emergent legal apparatus transects the political delimitation of whiteness formally consolidated with Plessy. In this paper, I examine the discursive interarticulations of legal privacy with a historically coincident doctrine of racial segregation by situating Robeson and the injuries it claims, via the phenomenal popularity in this same historical moment of the Aunt Jemima trademark, which sutured a quite different female visage to a rival company’s packaging and advertisements. In framing the Aunt Jemima trademark within the early juridical history of privacy as a rights claim, I focus on how the circulation of the image of Nancy Green, the African-American woman who was the trademark’s real-life model, through these products and advertising, displaced Green’s person with her spectacularly commodified persona. I argue both that Green’s concomitant spectacularization and erasure via “her” public image parallel precisely the injuries alleged in Roberson, and that her incomprehensibility within the legal regime that Roberson helped construct suggests that privacy here tacitly keys to “whiteness” and that, in this same historical moment, forms of mass cultural “publicity” differentially structure access to private personhood and the field of legal privileges it demarcates.

Michael L. Owens, Emory University
”Collaborating with Caesar:Factors Predicting Church Willingness to Seek Public Funding for Social Welfare Provision in the United States”
Since the initial enactment of Charitable Choice (i.e., the collection of federal and state laws, regulations, and rules that encourages government agencies to open fully competitions for public contracts and grants to provide social services, and perhaps make awards to a greater proportion of faith-based organizations over secular groups) as part of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996, social scientists have sought to better understand the place and potential of religious congregations and faith-based organizations in the social welfare system. Much of their research falls within one of three themes: the behavior of faith-based organizations as social welfare providers; the capacity of congregations and faith-related agencies to collaborate with government to provide services; and the effects of funding faith-based organizations on constitutional, electoral, and advocacy politics. There is, however, a theme-cutting subject, one that relates to the implementation of Charitable Choice—the willingness of congregations to collaborate with government to provide social services, especially as paid contractors or grantees. That is, aside from the issue of whether government should fund faith-based organizations is the issue of whether and which congregations are willing to seek public funding. It is the focus of my presentation.
The objective of my presentation will be to determine the effects of clergy attitudes on the willingness of congregations to seek public funding to provide social welfare. I will rely on survey data drawn from a probability sample of clergy leading congregations in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia. Through a logistic regression model I will examine the effects of clergy attitudes on the potential pursuit of public funding by congregations. My results will show that controlling for a set of congregational attributes, a positive attitude toward partnerships between congregations and secular groups and a fear of government entanglement with religion are the strongest attitudinal predictors of congregation willingness to pursue public funding. However, attributes, particularly the racial composition of members and denominational affiliation, also predict congregation willingness to seek public funding. My conclusions will be that congregation willingness to pursue public funding is a function of clergy attitudes and congregation attributes, which has implications for politics and public policy.

Rigo Pantoja, California Institute of Technology
“Incorporating a fluorescent unnatural amino acid into the nicotinic receptor”
Rigo Pantoja^*#, Mohammed I. Dibas^*, James E. Petersson^†, Dennis A. Dougherty^†, and Henry A. Lester^*
*Division of Biology and ^†Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
Fluorescent markers on proteins provide a valuable tool for gaining insights into structure, dynamics and intermolecular interactions. One method involves cysteine mutagenesis: a cysteine inserted at the site of interest can react with a thiol-reactive group of a fluorophore. Nevertheless, a limitation is that extra steps must be taken in order to shield or eliminate endogenous cysteine residues. Another alternative is to fuse the gene for a fluorescent protein (such as GFP) to the desired protein at the site of interest. Nevertheless, the bulky size – roughly 2.4 nm x 4.2 nm - of GFP analogs places a serious limitation on the sites where they may be introduced. In addition, mutations by the methods described lead, in many cases, to failure of protein expression, either because of improper folding or because a crucial residue is substituted. Fluorescent unnatural amino acids represent an attractive alternative for labeling ion channel proteins with minimal structural and amino acid sequence perturbations. Therefore, the nonsense suppression methodology was used to incorporate a fluorescent unnatural amino acid into the extracellular domain of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). An α subunit with a Asp70TAG mutation was used to incorporate the Lys(NBD) fluorescent unnatural amino acid. The α70 is in the main immunogenic region of the nAChR. Previous unnatural amino acid mutagenesis studies carried out in conjunction with biotin-streptavidin binding were used to demonstrate that αAsp70 is a surface exposed residue. This mutationally tolerant site was thus selected for incorporating the Lys(NBD) unnatural amino acid, which is larger than natural amino acids. The nAChR proteins were expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The presence of surface-expressed nAChRs was confirmed by measuring macroscopic currents with a two-electrode voltage-clamp two days after injection. The nAChR dose-response relationships were used to confirm phenotype characteristics. The EC₅₀ for the α70TAGLys(NBD) β9’Ser was 0.70 + 0.20 μM (n = 4). The reported EC₅₀ for the nAChR containing both wild-type α and β9’Ser subunits is 0.531 μM. Potential applications of fluorescent unnatural amino acids include higher resolution inter- and intra-molecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments which can be used to elucidate nAChR conformational states.

Gina Marie Pitti, Arizona State University
“To ‘Hear About God in Spanish’: Mexican American Catholics in Northern California, 1942-1965”
This paper explores how religion “mattered” in the organizational and political life of the ethnic Mexican community after World War II. Highlighting the intersections between religion, ethnicity, identity, and social action, the study advances a “Church as site and channel of community activism” thesis to explain how the institution became a key building block in local struggles for social change.
The book manuscript begins with a discussion of the Catholic Church’s outreach to its fastest growing minority, emphasizing the importance of race and gender ideologies, Catholic social teachings, and longstanding concerns about Protestantism and secularism. The manuscript then examines the Church as a site of campaigns for parity and inclusion. Mexican-origin residents answered their marginalization within the parish by organizing various initiatives, the cultural content of which frequently brought parishioners into conflict with their pastors. The final chapters consider how the Church functioned as a “channel” of activism for both priests and parishioners. While they stood at odds over the secular and “foreign” implications of Mexicans’ self-definition and parish activities, the laity and clergy worked together to secure more Catholic services and to address larger social and economic injustices beyond the church walls. Their complex relationship gave the Catholic Church a syncretic involvement in social change, contributing to an emerging Mexican American culture of opposition during the era of the Bracero Program.
“To Hear About God in Spanish” expands the foundations of postwar Mexican American mobilization beyond participation in unions, political groups, or veterans’ organizations. By focusing on the interplay between religion, ethnicity, and activism, the study contributes to several sub-fields of U.S. history, including Chicana/o religious history, California civil rights struggles and the role of gender in public life. But most fundamentally, the book manuscript elucidates the shifting politics of ethnicity and race in the twentieth century. In discussions with and about their Mexican faithful, Catholic leaders participated in debates over the nature of race, who constituted a “minority,” and appropriate remedies for discrimination. Priests’ inability to reconcile the tensions between their own brand of racial progressivism and community activists’ vision strained the alliance between Spanish-speaking Catholics and the Church. Accordingly, as the 1960s dawned, Mexican American activists turned outside the Church to further their civil rights goals. Ultimately, then, the Church provides a critical window into the ascendance of, and inherent weaknesses within, racial liberalism, as well as the subsequent rise of ethnic nationalism and the more confrontational politics of the Chicano Movement. In this way the project illuminates the centrality of religion to American racial thinking in the twentieth century.

Angela Reyes, Hunter College, City University of New York
"The Use of African American English by Asian American Speakers"
In recent years, sociolinguists have increasingly paid attention to how links between dialects and ethnic groups become established, disrupted and appropriated. African American English (AAE)—the most-studied ethnic dialect in the US—has been at the center of inquiry given its visibility, controversy, covert status, and rising use among non-African American speakers. This paper focuses on one site of AAE appropriation. I examine how a Korean American stand-up comic, Dr. Ken, makes use of multiple styles of speaking, including AAE and an “Asian accent” in his comedy routines. Crossing and blending multiple styles becomes a local resource for constructing identity and for accomplishing immediate interactional goals, namely provoking laughter. At a broader level, such style crossing and blending practices assign various meanings to styles and to the social categories and groups to which they become indexically and ideologically associated.
In Dr. Ken’s comedy routine, a system of opposition that links styles to other social categories emerges and serves to frame his performance. Though Dr. Ken explicitly claims AAE as one of his “authentic” voices, I argue instead that his identity as an educated, upper-middle-class Asian American doctor is foregrounded so that his use of AAE does not challenge ideologies that link AAE to African Americans as much as it relies on them for comedic effect. His use of an “Asian accent,” on the other hand, is not framed as his own voice; instead it is reserved for direct quotation of other’s speech or of speech that he is forced by others to perform. Although seeming to simply mock Asian newcomers, I suggest that he is also simultaneously denaturalizing racial ideologies that position Asian Americans as foreign and homogeneous. This paper argues that the way in which Dr. Ken’s performance of multiple styles is constructed along racial, immigrant and class lines results in several types of ideological incongruence that facilitate the interpretation of his practices as humorous.

Rita Rico, University of California, Los Angeles
“Dual Nationals: La Raza in Solidarity for Citizen Rights”
Why haven’t Mexican-Americans cultivated a politically powerful lobby in the United States like the Israeli-Americans and Cuban-Americans? In the process of examining their political participation in the US, I found that they are indeed politically engaged, albeit more so in grassroots informal politics. In fact, they are involved and invested in the political landscapes of more than one nation, and thus challenge the liberal perception of political citizenship and participation.
The concept of citizenship that emerged from the French Revolution was articulated to protect the rights of the members of the State (Falk 1996:128). The rights of the citizens to participate in the process of government, like electing representatives, were created with the intention of protection against any arbitrary aggression on behalf of the government. Today, the common liberal view of citizenship rights is one that articulates a relationship between the individual and the State, and does not consider ethnicity or culture as factors that may change the meaning or manifestation of citizenship claims. However, I have encountered a case that reflects an alternate process of citizenship—Mexican immigrants and Chicanos who have made claims of belonging with implications for a multiterritorial citizenship that is not politically formal, rather articulated from within a binational community using cultural connections as political leverage.
In March of 1998, the Law of No Loss of (Mexican) Nationality came into effect, and many Mexicans began the process of naturalization in order to become American citizens. Immigrants, along with Chicanos and Mexican-Americans, and of course Mexicans, galvanized support for their national rights in Mexico in order to go after citizenship rights in their host country, the United States. This was the first step towards gaining the constitutional right to vote in national elections for Mexicans outside their national boundaries—what is referred to as the Absentee Vote or the Immigrant Vote. The collective action and binational mobilization of this community reflects a global tendency: double nationality evolving towards a dual citizenship as a way of reclaiming basic and egalitarian rights in two nations. In this sense, reclaiming modern citizenship, in contrast to traditional citizenship anchored in loyalty and belonging to one nation, is a form of global activism that promotes human rights. Binational culture sooner or later leads to binational politics, which in turn leads to binational citizenship—a radical concept for countries with nationalist dialogues.
In this paper, I offer a qualitative study that includes in-depth interviews with key actors and an analysis of the recent dual nationality laws passed in Mexico to show that the liberal conception of citizenship is no longer adequate in the case of the politics of a prominent ethnic community in the US. Rather, I show that citizenship is an evolving concept, one that has been reformulated and claimed by grassroots binational activity. In the case of Mexican immigrants in the US and the Chicano community, there is not a loss of citizen locality, but an acquiring of more than one. I will show how the case of la raza, an analytical term that refers to a community of those who are united by their “mexicanness” and not bounded by national limits, illustrates the changing idea of citizenship.

James Rodriguez, San Diego State University
”Sociocultural Adaptation and Academic Performance Amongst Mexican-Origin Adolescents: An Ecological Approach”
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of ecological factors on the sociocultural adaptation and academic performance of Mexican-origin adolescents. In this study, communities and schools are linked together by the basic fact that each of the three schools exists within and serves specific geographic and ethnic communities. This study examined the social ecologies in which Mexican-origin adolescents live, learn, and grow. Four social ecologies are proposed as being specific to the experiences of Mexican Americans. These ecologies are labeled as: urban, suburban, rural and border-rural. This study utilizes two of the factors in the proposed model, numerical status and urbanity of the setting, to define school or ecological context. This study addressed the following questions. (1) Do parental involvement, perceptions of family support, acculturative status, and educational outcomes differ across ecological or school settings? (2) Does the relationship between parental involvement, support factors, acculturative status, and educational outcomes vary from one ecological or school setting to the next? The findings of the study are described in relation to the existing literature on the sociocultural adaptation and academic performance of Mexican-origin adolescents and in regards to educational policy and practices for Mexican-origin adolescents.

Elizabeth J. Santa Ana, Yale University School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare System
”Efficacy of Group Motivational Interviewing for Dually Diagnosed Inpatients”
Poor compliance with aftercare treatment, such as outpatient and residential treatment, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), and Narcotics Anonymous (NA), is a costly and pervasive health problem limiting the effectiveness of inpatient detoxification among dually diagnosed patients. Clinicians typically regard dually diagnosed patients as substantially difficult to engage in aftercare, possibly due to their greater symptomatology and severity of impairment (Carey & Carey, 1990). Research shows that chemically dependent individuals who participate in aftercare following inpatient rehabilitation have improved alcohol and drug use outcomes, function better cognitively and psychologically, and are less frequently rehospitalized (Hawkins & Catalano, 1985). Unfortunately, many persons in inpatient treatment for chemical dependency assume that treatment ends with discharge. Therefore, many do not continue with follow-up care after hospitalization (Axelrod & Wetzler, 1989). Current strategies for improving compliance with aftercare treatment (e.g., modest rewards, telephone reminders) are minimally effective. More recently, researchers have begun to pay increasing attention to patient motivation as the necessary ingredient in the recovery process from addiction (DiClemente & Scott, 1997). Low motivation is one of the most important reasons why patients drop out from drug abuse treatment (Simpson & Joe, 1993) and is particularly pronounced among dually diagnosed patients (Ziedonis & Trudeau, 1997).
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of adding motivational interviewing in a group format (GMI) to the standard treatment program of an inpatient psychiatric hospital for individuals with coexisting psychiatric and substance use disorders. The project aimed to significantly improve compliance with aftercare treatment (e.g. outpatient, AA/NA, and residential treatment) and reduce substance use over standard treatment alone. Ample evidence shows that motivational interviewing (MI) significantly reduces substance abuse and increases treatment engagement. As such, MI holds great promise for use in the inpatient setting and may represent a significant upgrade in the treatment services provided. However, MI is traditionally delivered one-on-one. This project sought to demonstrate the efficacy of MI in a group format. Until this is accomplished, MI will remain underutilized in inpatient or substance abuse treatment settings that rely on group therapy. The consequence is that motivational interviewing continues to go undelivered in inpatient settings despite the fact that this intervention may result in substantial benefits for patients, their families, and the community at large.
The participants in this study were 63 dually diagnosed male and 38 female inpatients (n = 101) who were block randomized to GMI (n = 50), consisting of two 120-minute sessions, or standard treatment (ST, n = 51), including a two-session therapist attention activity. All participants and collaterals were contacted at 1 and 3- month follow-up periods to evaluate number of aftercare sessions attended and substance use outcomes.
Multivariate comparisons between treatment groups were conducted using zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) models (Long, 1997; Cheung, 2002). Relative to participants who received ST, participants who received GMI attended significantly more aftercare treatment sessions (p < .05), consumed less alcohol (p < .05), and drank fewer drinks per drinking day (p < .01) by the 3-month follow-up. While significantly fewer participants in GMI binge drank (p < .05) and spent money on illicit drugs (p < .05) at 3-month follow-up, the effect on binge drinking (p < .01) and the use of illicit drugs (p < .05) among those who were using these substances did not last beyond the 1-month follow-up. While participants in GMI attended significantly more outpatient treatment sessions than participant in ST as early as the 1-month follow-up, differences on overall aftercare attendance including AA/NA participation were not evident until 3-month follow-up. Although the GMI treatment effect on drug use was only evident at 1-month follow-up, the effect on alcohol consumption was robust throughout the entire follow-up phase.
In summary, our findings reveal that group motivational interviewing added to standard care was more effective than standard care alone for enhancing aftercare attendance and for lowering substance use among psychiatric inpatients with chemical dependency, at least in the short-term (i.e., up to a 3-month follow-up).

Judith Segura, Stanford University
”Two-way Coupled Particle-Laden Large Eddy Simulations (LES)”
There are many challenges to modeling two-way coupled high Reynolds number particle-laden flow using LES. To date, no LES computation has demonstrated the ability to predict turbulence modification by direct comparison to data. This research systematically evaluated the ability of a high fidelity particle-laden LES (PLES) to accurately compute two-way coupled particle-fluid interaction using a conventional point force-coupled scheme by careful comparison to data acquired in the fully-developed channel flow experiments of Paris and Eaton, 2001 and Benson and Eaton, 2003. The experiments were conducted in air at Re = 644 with moderate loading of spherical glass beads, and showed a substantial turbulence modification with particle mass loading of 20% or greater. The two-way coupled PLES was not able to predict the level of turbulence attenuation measured by Paris and Eaton, 2001. The two-way coupled PLES was further evaluated by increasing the particle mass loading. When the mass loading was increased to 10 times the experimentally measured value, the PLES matched the turbulence attenuation very well. This indicates that the widely used point-force coupling scheme underestimate the effect of particles on turbulence.

Laura Isabel Serna, Harvard University
“‘Mi Tierruca’: Masculinity, Mass Culture, and Mexicanidad in the 1920s”
n this essay, I look at the years immediately following the Revolution to suggest that the models of masculinity embodied in the charro, the revolutionary, the professional, and the laborer, all models of postrevolutionary Mexican masculinity, were mediated during the 1920s by the little-studied fifí. As a cultural figure, the fifí, who was explicitly associated with the consumption of U.S. mass culture, spoke to the larger questions about masculinity that vexed post-Revolutionary Mexican society. Families and individuals living in the city were forced to cope with economic uncertainty, rural to urban migration, and shifting social structures.
They also had the opportunity to participate in a growing consumer culture, promoted in large part by the U.S. film industry. Decidedly urban in provenance and predilections, the fifí--like the office worker, the professional, and the factory laborer – emerged from the post-Revolutionary crucible of the city, but unlike his fellow urban types, he seemed to embody all that was alarming about modern society. While many saw only decadence and a lack of productivity in the figure of the fifí, others presented alternatives to the fifí, productive possibilities for Mexican men who encountered U.S. culture, alternatives that will comprise the last section of this essay.

Robin V. Smiles, University of Maryland, College Park
“Romance, Race and Resistance in Contemporary African American Narrative”
In today’s literary marketplace, popular romantic fiction dominates what is being read and produced by African Americans. It is the basis for most novels that are made into film and novels that are most likely to be reproduced in international settings. As literary, social and cultural phenomena, these texts inevitably influence national representations of race and constructions of racial identity. Nonetheless, literary scholars overwhelmingly have remained resistant to this contemporary trend, typically marking such texts as outside the “tradition” of African American literature. This resistance reflects a long-held division between the “scholarly” and the “popular” in the field of literature in general. Yet, it also illuminates the critical biases and practices that have shaped the study of African American literature, where ideas of love and romance cower in the presence of themes of racial uplift and social protest.
“Romance, Race and Resistance” repositions the theme of romantic love and the genre of popular romance as central to the history of African American literature and (in their absence) to the construction of an African American critical tradition. I argue that African American authors strategically have turned to common themes such as love and romance and to conventions of the popular romance genre to advance particular racial agendas. Yet, the critical establishment’s efforts to obscure such strategies have resulted in a field where the tradition’s most “popular” authors often go unnoticed and its most “scholarly” authors often misrepresented.
My study begins with a genealogy of love and romance in African American literature. I offer an historical overview of the way African American writers have treated romance and romantic themes in their texts from the early nineteenth century slave narratives to the domestic fiction of the post-Reconstruction period to the proliferation of love and romance in today’s literary marketplace. Alongside this historical narrative, I identify critical trends that illustrate how literary scholars have responded to these texts, often in a discriminatory fashion, such as accusing the authors of pandering to “white” or mainstream values and assuming that, in their quest for popularity, they have abandoned racial or political importance.
Next, I turn to the particular racial projects undertaken in the works of best-selling popular romance writers and romantic or domestic novels that have been resisted by the African American critical establishment in the latter half of the twentieth century. Here, I argue that Frank Yerby uses the platform of historical romance or pre-Civil War plantation settings to challenges contemporary racial categorizations, or in particular, the constraints imposed by racial segregation and inequality in the 1940s and 1950s. Next, I maintain that Terry McMillan’s portrayals of young, single, college-educated, middle-class black females and their romantic relationships represent a breakthrough in the portrayal of black womanhood in American literature. Finally, I boldly characterize Nobel Laureate Toni Morrison as a popular romance writer and argue that her contemporary novels, Tar Baby (1981) and the most recent Love (2003), rely on popular representations of love and romance to critique intraracial gender and class conflicts.

Christen A. Smith, Stanford University
”Shock and Siege: Street Theater and the Verbal Revolution without Firearms in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil”
In 1994 a group of young black residents of the periphery of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil founded the street theater group Choque Cultural (Cultural Shock). Motivated by the constant state of “shock” and siege in their community (routine police raids, lack of community resources, etc.), these young people sought to not only speak out against social injustice but to take a critical look at how race and class determine the boundaries of citizenship in Brazil. One of their immediate concerns was the police violence they saw as a constant and fatal threat to their community. Using theater as their voice, they set out to not only denounce this violence, but draw attention to its racial implications. For them one issue was clear: without addressing how race and racism determine social inequality in Brazil, the oppressive power structure (what they termed “the big house”) could never be torn down. For them theater was a way to start a revolution; a verbal revolution without firearms to shine light on the insipid nature or racism in Brazil.
This paper takes a closer look at the work of Choque Cultural and the racial implications of social injustice in the peripheral neighborhoods of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Paying particular attention to the unique threat police violence poses to young black men ages 18-30, the paper suggests that the use of theater as a form of social protest in this context is in part symptomatic of a larger sense of urgency within the black community motivated not only by the crisis of police violence, but the evasiveness of talking about racial injustice in Brazil. Desperate for a way to draw attention to the insidiousness of Brazilian racism, young black residents, like those of Choque Cultural, have turned to alternative forms of political expression to express their frustrations. Street theater is one example. What are the implications of their work and what can their work tell us about the politics of race and class in the region?

Aaron Snead, University of California, San Francisco
”Fast Action Activities of Thyroid Hormone Metabolites”
Scanlan Lab 2005
Thyroid hormone has long been known to have important transcriptional regulatory activities. More recenty, however, metabolites of this molecule have been shown to have fast action non-transcriptional effects. These metabolites, thyronamines, are now hypothesized to be acting as neuromodulators potentially as classical neurotransmitters or. To classify one or more of these molecules as classical neurotransmitters several criteria need to be met; they have a downstream post-synaptic receptor, they are selectively packaged for signaled release into the synapse, and there is a reuptake mechanism for their recycling. In order to evaluate the neuromodulatory activity of thyronamines several methods are being employed. Activity with a class of G protein coupled receptors, Trace Amine Receptors (TAR), has been demonstrated and will be further investigated to characterize TARs as the primary post synaptic receptor for thyronamines. Additionally, work to characterize thyronamines activity with vesicular packaging machinery, specifically Vesicular Mono Amine Transporter 2 (VMAT2), is being evaluated. Lastly, screens are being done to investigate known monoamine plasma membrane transporters to identify the presence of a reuptake mechanism for these molecules.

Derrick R. Spires, Vanderbilt University
”The ‘Deepest of All Southern States’: Mississippi in the New York Times, 1960-1963”

The purpose of this project is to offer possible reasons for Mississippi’s abjection in the U.S. cultural imaginary. I want to suggest that though the state’s reputation was building before and during the 1950s, particularly after Emmett Till’s lynching, the distinction of the deepest of the Southern states was really codified for the current generation in the interval of 1960-1963. These years include the Clark lynching trial, James Meredith’s entry into the University of Mississippi, also known as “The Battle of Oxford,” and Medgar Evers’ assassination.
The nation’s abjection of Mississippi and its distinction from the other Southern states seemed to come to a head in the New York Times’ (NYT) reporting of James Meredith’s entrance into the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss). After a sixteen-month legal battle between Meredith, the NAACP, and the Federal Government against the Mississippi State Government that culminated with what has been called “the Battle of Oxford,”—a night long riot on the University’s campus resulting in three deaths and countless injuries—Meredith finally registered.
I give extended attention to the NYT’s day-to-day reports on the Meredith case, as they show what appears to be a progressive and extended molding of the states’ image on the part of the NYT. The New York Times sets Mississippi apart as the “Citadel of Segregation” and “the deepest south of all Southern states.” I contend that the reporting of these events in the NYT shifts racial tension from the national scene, to the South, and finally to Mississippi such that by 1963, Mississippi is reported as the one state standing between the Union and racial progress.

Scott Manning Stevens, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
”Cultural Mediations: or, How We Listen to Lewis and Clark’s Indian Artifacts”
My paper will examine the complex history of the Native American cultural artifacts collected on the Lewis & Clark Expedition between 1804 and 1806 and the subject of an on-going exhibition entitled Arts of Diplomacy: Lewis and Clark’s Indian Collection at the Peabody Museum at Harvard University. This collection was the first full-scale attempt to represent the cultural diversity of Native North America to the newly independent United States government in addition to exploring and reporting on the recently acquired territories of the Louisiana Purchase. Originally organized to chart a possible water route to the Pacific, the expedition would become the first step in the eventual subjugation of the dozens of Indian nations on the planes and in the western portion of North America. Still, Lewis and Clark’ s mission was not one of conquest but rather one of diplomacy. Their journals have formed the basis of dozens of historical studies and printed accounts of a journey that came to be a formidable symbol in the greater narrative being told by Americans about their own manifest destiny. From the Native perspective the usual problem remains – the lack of extant Native accounts of the cultural exchanges that occurred between the members of the expedition and the dozens of indigenous leaders they encountered on the way leaves us with a one-sided historical record. In order to address this problem, anthropologists, ethnologists, and historians have become increasingly interested in examining the physical evidence of these encounters. This can mean looking at artifacts discovered at archeological sites or those cultural materials collected on the expedition itself.
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark’s expedition collected hundreds of ethnographic objects in the two years it took to complete their voyage. A portion of the objects collected were sent to President Jefferson himself to be included in his “Indian Hall” at Monticello, while the bulk of the collection was turned over to Charles Wilson Peale to be displayed in his museum in Philadelphia. I wish to examine the way such early collections were presented to the public and trace the legacy from the early modern wunderkabinet to the rise of the modern museum of natural history in the nineteenth century. Part of the history will also illustrate the place of the ‘Indian artifact’ in American culture of the period. It is not insignificant that the bulk of the original collection in the Peale Museum was sold to Moses Kimball and P.T. Barnum in the middle of the nineteenth century. Barnum lost his portion of the collection to fires in both Philadelphia and New York and Kimball’s Boston Museum also sustained damage from a fire in 1899. What survived of the original Corps of North West Discovery’s original artifacts in Kimball’s museum was eventually donated to Harvard University’s Peabody Museum, where a major re-evaluation of the materials is currently on going.
For my purposes I will concentrate the objects collected at Harvard and their remarkable history in the evolving narrative of the encounter between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples in the so-called New World. I wish to examine the bi-fold significance of Lewis and Clark’s collection as both representing a body of materials through which we attempt to read the cultures of the peoples who created the objects and as a means of examining the changing relationship of America’s cultural arbiters to Native America itself. I also wish to re-visit the challenge posed by Indian artifacts to the casual (or even educated) viewer, such as was discussed in Jane Tompkins’ essay “At the Buffalo Bill Museum, June 1988.” Just how are we to read the material or art historical legacy of the cultures encountered by Lewis and Clark’s expedition? Because the collection comes down to us as a remnant of the original collection – in many instances pieces are of unknown provenance or devoid of a cultural context – scholars have had to engage in a figurative ‘re-reading’ of the cultural significance of these objects. In order to do this these same scholars have sought out indigenous spokespersons that can help us better understand the traditional meanings associated with many pieces in the collection. The challenges in correctly assigning a proper meaning to individual objects are considerable giving the profound impact of the Euro-American conquest of Native America and its peoples’ respective life-ways. Yet such efforts have in effect allowed a Native voice to be present in the legacy of Lewis and Clark for the first time in two centuries.

Rosalind Wynne, Villanova University
Microstructured Optical Fiber Fabrication: An Integrated Parametric Approach
Rosalind Wynne and Theodore F. Morse, Ph.D.
A process for synthesizing microstructured optical fibers or “holey fibers” has been developed. We present a practical fabrication procedure combined with a parametric model that can precisely control and predict the lattice dynamics of a holey fiber during the fiber manufacturing process. This work provides a straight-forward technique to produce high quality novel microstructured optical fibers. The results of this investigation can serve as a “road map” to future research in the area of micro- and nano- structured fiber technology development.
Microstructured optical fibers can be used either as transmission fibers or as sensors. These are specialty fibers in which a series of carefully spaced cavities within an air-silica lattice in the cladding of the fiber provide extraordinary waveguide characteristics not demonstrated by standard optical fibers. In special cases, the characteristics of these structures promote highly non-linear effects. These fibers are also useful for evanescent wave devices when materials are inserted into the cavities with potential applications in chemical and bio-material sensing. Holey fibers can also exhibit single mode behavior independent of the transmitted wavelength and core size. Fibers with a large core area allow for a higher power density that promotes increased power transmission capacity. These characteristics are extremely attractive for high-power fiber laser applications. Lasers based on holey fiber technology with large core regions are approaching output powers in the kilowatt regime.
The precision parametric model we have developed allows for the identification of appropriate draw parameters and predicts the final fiber lattice behavior (i.e. degree of hole-collapse or expansion). The parameters from this model successfully identified the fiber-drawing domain and baseline parameters that control the glass dynamics of the lattice structure. A single-draw over-collapse technique was employed to draw a microstructured fiber housing four holes in a square lattice. The theoretical predictions of the modified fluid mechanical model were validated. The fabricated fiber samples were optically characterized to determine suitability for transmission or sensor applications.