Collection Development Policy

The primary purpose of The National Academies Library is to provide facilities, collections and services to meet the research, instructional, and outreach requirements of Academy staff. Library resources required to meet these needs are provided from the Library’ collections as well as resources from other libraries and information providers. The Library creates bibliographic records for all materials within our collections and makes these records accessible to Academy staff over an automated online library system Acadalog. The Library staff provides instructional services to assure effective information access, delivery, interpretation and use of this automated system. The National Academies Library automated online system; Acadalog is also publicly available at http://iris2.nas.edu.

The Library accepts responsibility for the building and maintenance of particular collections in certain limited subject areas where these resources add value to the overall work of the institution.

Members of the Library staff carry out selection of materials for Library collections cooperatively. The Library selection criteria, as stated in the following sections of this policy are applied for all final decisions on purchases regardless of the cost.

The Library budget for Acquisitions is limited. Decisions on purchase of materials for the Library collections are made within the constraints of present budget funds.

To support the research and service programs of the institution and to assist administrative and service personnel in the effective performance of their duties. Because of the specialized and information-intensive nature of such research, the Library will attempt to provide core and supporting materials in selected areas that parallel the work of The Academies and the Library will rely on interlibrary cooperation for other needed information.
To support the general information needs of Academy staff through the provision of general reference works and works dealing with topics of current concern.
To assist other libraries in supplying needed information and to support other library or institutional cooperative programs.
To anticipate future research requirements of The National Academies by collecting basic works in fields not directly related to existing programs or which are of such importance that they belong in any respectable research library.

Faced with significant gaps in the existing library collections and the increasing output of new literature, The Library must emphasize selective acquisition of current materials over, but not to the exclusion of, retrospective materials.

Buying Books and Other Materials for National Academies Staff Projects
The library does not purchase books or other materials requested by staff for project use. However, the library will assist in providing publisher contact information and bibliographic information for materials to be purchased. The responsibility for ordering materials for projects is that of each division’s Financial Accounts Manager or other designated staff member within a division. The library welcomes recommendations from staff of materials to add to the general collections of the Library that meet the criteria stated in the Selection Guidelines of this policy.

Materials Not Included in the Online Public Access Catalog
Due to space constraints and the labor level of effort required, certain materials are not cataloged and added to Acadalog, the Library’s Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC). These materials include:

The Library Collection Development policy takes into account that our library funding resources are insufficient to acquire all materials potentially needed by Academy staff. Therefore, The Library will forgo purchase of specialized or infrequently used materials if they can be readily borrowed through interlibrary loan.

The George E. Brown, Jr. library serves as the organization’s repository for the housing and preservation of reports published by the National Academies. In this role the Library maintains an archived Repository Collection (non-circulating) of reports and a Main Collection (circulating) of reports.

The goal of the library regarding the preservation of National Academies reports is to maintain at least 2 copies of every published National Academies report. In several cases, particularly for pre-1960 published reports, the library may have only one copy in the Repository Collection. When only one copy of a National Academies report is available, as needed, the library will:

IMPORTANT NOTE: As a standard service the library does not routinely provide photocopies of National Academies reports to the public or make photocopies of reports to add as copy 2 when only copy 1 is available

The Library recognizes that gifts of materials for the Library collection are almost as important for our collections as materials that are purchased. Consequently, gifts of materials for the Library collection are given the same degree of care in evaluation and processing as purchases. All gifts given to the Library become the immediate property of the Library and all decisions regarding the retention of gift materials rests solely with the Library Manager and other appropriate Library staff. The Library gift process involves: (1) initial acceptance and acknowledgement (2) determination of value added to the Library’s subject collections by Library staff and retention decision (3) Storage, and processing by Library Technical Services staff. Gifts not to be added to the collections will be handled through the Libraries’ disposition process, which varies depending on the gift materials.

The Library staff is prevented by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) regulations from appraising the value of gifts given to the Library. The Library staff may direct donors to information on how to obtain book prices.

The Library reserves the right to refuse any gifts on which the donor has placed restrictions, such as requiring that a collection of books be kept apart from the remainder of the library collection and housed in a special area or part of the stacks out of their normal classification sequence.

Travel Collection: The Library will accept travel books purchased for a trip, that are less than 2 years old, to build our Travel Collection. Books can be sent directly to the Library for inclusion in this collection.

Disposal of Unneeded Gift Material: The Libraries reserve the right to dispose of gift material that is found to be inappropriate for the collections or not needed in accordance with existing disposal policy.

Books/monographs are normally collected in clothbound editions except when items are available only in paperback editions. Textbooks, workbooks, study guides, translations of English titles into foreign languages, or of foreign titles translated into non-English languages are collected only by exception. Books of a very popular nature or self-help books are collected only when justified by some educational consideration.

Journals/periodicals/annuals are normally acquired only through subscription; individual issues or reprints of articles are rarely purchased. In addition to collecting journals that support the programs of the Library will acquire periodicals of more general interest to the academic community. Among the factors that will be weighed in the selection of general interest periodicals are: the substantial nature of articles in the periodical and their intellectual content; degree to which the periodical reflects thoughtful assessment of contemporary trends in society; inclusion of the periodical in indexing and abstracting services; strength of demand combined with lack of ready availability elsewhere; and cost. There will be no attempt to collect periodicals specifically for recreational reading or for hobbyists.

Monographic series may be acquired as individual titles, or by establishing a continuation order. The need to purchase all volumes in the series is the primary requirement for establishing a continuation order. Further justification in the form of cost savings or difficulty in learning of the publication of new volumes may be required. Normally, continuation orders are established for works in parts that The Library may wish to acquire.

Newspaper subscriptions will be carried by the Library in order to support the research requirements of Academy staff and to provide sources of national and international news and general intellectual and cultural awareness Academy staff. Due to Library budget constraints the Library is unable to make specific attempts to use Library funds to collect the hometown newspapers or newspapers for specific Academy divisions, administrative offices, or operations units.

Non-United States newspapers will be collected in direct support of teaching and research, and to provide some limited coverage of major regions of the world by outstanding newspapers. Newspapers of a cultural, business, political, organized labor, or social orientation will be considered on a title-by-title basis.

Microforms are acquired when the desired material is available only in microform, or when it is significantly less expensive and sufficiently usable in that format. If dissertations must be acquired because of the importance of the particular title, the scarcity of other research material in the subject or The Library commitment to comprehensive collecting in the subject, microform is preferred. Due to the high costs of dissertations Academy staff may be asked to fund dissertations needed for a specific project study that does not have overall benefit for the entire Academy community. Microform is also acquired for the preservation of certain titles when rebinding is not feasible.

Video materials that are expected to be of significant long-term value in support of teaching or research are collected. The VHS (Video Home System) is the preferred format.

Machine-readable materials are collected when that format is most effective in support of teaching and research and when The Library can provide adequate facilities for their use. CD-ROMs may be collected, according to priorities established by subject collection development policies and availability of funds.

The National Academies Library may collect software with access provided to Academy staff in accordance with existing institution policies on use of software. (See NRC Guide)

Technical reports are documents obtained from a contractor as a primary objective of a contract negotiated for the development of scientific data, instruments, methodology and information. The Library selectively acquires technical reports in subject areas where such documents are an important part of a discipline's literature or are necessary to support the programs of the institution and their research requirements. Library, when possible, will select either web-based or microfiche.

The Library will collect published proceedings of domestic or international congresses, conferences, and symposia when appropriate by subject matter to the work of the institution. Publications containing programs with abstracts will be collected only if the published proceedings are not available. The Library will not collect publications containing only a list of participants.

Serial Defined: A serial is a publication in any medium issued in successive parts bearing numerical or chronological designations and continued indefinitely. Serials include periodicals, newspapers; annuals (reports, yearbooks, etc); the journals, memoirs, proceedings, transactions, etc., of societies; and numbered monographic series. The Library selectively acquires through purchase a wide range of serial publications. Serials, including periodicals, newspapers and standing orders, are an important part of The Library collections, but they also pose several problems. Serials are usually fairly expensive and The Library does not have sufficient funds to purchase all requested titles. Once ordered, serials represent a continuing and growing expense which, if not controlled, can lead to reductions in the Library ability to acquire other types of material. The Library staff will work to acquire all types of serials, as the subject matter is appropriate to the research needs of Academy staff and within current library budget constraints.

The Library recognizes the importance of serials to the educational and research programs the institution, as well as the substantial and growing financial commitment the serials collection entails. The Library also acknowledges different degrees of importance and disparate cost factors between disciplines in the case of serials. Therefore, the Library attempts to maximize each discipline's freedom to decide on the optimum deployment of their allocation between serials and books. In light of recent serials price escalation and technological advances that are making alternatives to ownership of some serials more and more viable, the Library is committed to exploring such alternatives and working directly with divisions and operations units to finance those which are reasonable, economical and which adequately support the research requirements of Academy staff.

Periodical Defined: A publication that is issued at least twice a year, including journals, magazines and newspapers.

General Serial Selection Guidelines
The Library follows these guidelines that assist library staff with the task of considering new serials for the serials collection. As in most aspects of collection development, these statements cannot be absolute and the Library recognizes there are always exceptions.

Sample issues of periodical titles provide a better basis for evaluation than mere blurbs and bibliographic information.
When a decision is made to order a serial title, consideration should be given to whether the title should be permanently retained and, if so, in what format. If the Library will have an incomplete run of the title, consideration should also be given to obtaining the back file if within the constraints of library budget funds.
The Library staff will consult Academy staff on the evaluation of potential purchases of serials to determine the serial’s value to the institution’s research programs as well as to assess the publications' quality.
The Library will make every effort to achieve a balance among the various program units and boards when ordering periodicals and serials, keeping in mind the differences in reliance upon serial publications and their varying costs and current library budget constraints.
The Library recognizes that certain general preferences should be considered in reviewing serials for possible purchase: These general preferences include:
Serials, which represent a permanent addition to the Library collections, are preferred over publications that will be discarded.
Serials whose contents can be easily accessed through use of indexing services or internal indexing are preferred over titles without indexing.
Serials with demonstrated use (such as frequent interlibrary loan requests by Academy staff) are preferred over titles with potential use.
Serials with Academy affiliations are not given any preferential treatment in evaluations.
Serials produced by certain publishers known to charge higher than normal prices (i.e. Springer, Elsevier, etc.) may not be approved due to the high cost. The Library, may, in this case, request collaborative funding from other units.

Identification of New Titles: The Library staff welcomes Academy staff suggestions for new periodical and serial titles. In addition to Academy staff suggestions the Library staff reviews information sent from various publishers. The Library staff will also consult standard bibliographies or specialized subjects lists of core titles.

Annually, the Library research staff will poll several program staff for recommendations on periodicals they deem vital to the work of the National Academies that should be considered for the periodical

In addition to program staff recommendations several other factors are considered to determine if a periodical title should be added to the library collection. These include: (1) online availability (2) publisher policies that require purchase of print for electronic access (3) Interlibrary loan Copyright 5 Rule (what journals have received 5+ requests that stop our ability to request additional article copies (4) Review of the Institute for Scientific Information annual “High-Impact Journals” highly cited ranking (5) interdisciplinary content value (6) coverage of national and worldwide issues (6) content duplication of other library periodicals (7) cost.

Have Continuing Funding to Afford New Titles: Constraints on collection development funding require that every new title that is identified to be added to the Library serials collection must have continuing funding before the order can be placed. The Library staff must also take into consideration inflation factors for serials which, according to reports published by major subscription agents, experience an 8-11% increase annually.

How to Submit Recommendations: In order to assure careful consideration of potential titles and provide a record of the review, all periodical and standing order (serial) requests should be sent to the Library Manager. The Library Manager will research the recommended publication. Academy staff that recommend serial titles for the Library collection should provide, when possible, an accurate title, a brief statement of justification for purchase. This information will help expedite the evaluation process. Recommendations for all purchases are subject to the constraints of the Library budget funds for acquisition of materials.

Review and Cancellation of Existing Titles: The Library will continue to receive periodicals and serials in spite of changes in the titles themselves or in the original justification. The Library staff conducts an annual evaluation and review of both the periodicals and serials collection to identify potential candidates for cancellation so that the collections will truly reflect current Academy staff needs and remain with current Library budget constraints. The Library staff, upon evaluation of the serial, will determine its cancellation based on a combination of several factors (1) library budget constraints (2) when new titles are being considered (3) conversion of material to a web-based platform.

Identifying Potential Cancellations: The Library uses the following guidelines to identify potential cancellations:

Notification of Cancellations
The Library will communicate cancellations to Academy staff in the monthly publication, The Academies Library Update.

Library vs. Departmental/Personal Collections
All materials purchased with library funds are library property and become materials that are then available for the use of the entire institution. The Library deems it inappropriate to use library acquisition funds to acquire materials for the “exclusive” use of Academy divisions (in support of a study project) and operations units or for personal office collections. These materials cannot be acquired with Library funds.

The Library staff and our customers, Academy staff, should recognize that all libraries must remove volumes from collections from time to time.

The Library maintains the quality and usefulness of its collections by withdrawing volumes that are worn out, unneeded duplicates, superseded, of little or no use, or too valuable to circulate to Academy staff. The Library does not deem appropriate, shortage of shelf space, as an acceptable justification for withdrawal. The Library will, when possible, and, in accordance with the institution’s directives and library or institution budget constraints, locate suitable space for collections, even off-site storage space, rather than to eliminate potentially useful material. Before the removal of specialized collection materials, will consult with the institution’s Archives Manager.

The Library withdrawal decisions will be made on a title-by-title basis in accordance with general guidelines provided below, consideration of the needs and expectations of Academy staff who potentially use the material, and applicable cooperative collection agreements with area libraries. The Library staff will, when it doubt about removing materials from the collection, retain the material and consult with Archives and other Academy divisions as deemed appropriate.

Selecting Materials for Withdrawal
The Library decisions to withdraw volumes are made only somewhat easier when the Library has the title in another format. The Library recognizes that in many cases, withdrawing materials from the collections means our customers, Academy staff, will only be able to obtain the item through our Document Supply/Interlibrary loan services.

The Library will use the following general guidelines when selecting materials for withdrawal.

Materials that do not fit our present collection development policies, such as individual periodical articles or secondary school textbooks
College level textbooks, particularly if superseded.
Materials in seriously deteriorated condition (such as being brittle, seriously marked up, with book tape repairs, or falling apart with no possibility of rebinding). Replacement decisions are an issue covered in the separate guidelines for firm orders or serials.
Duplicate copies of a work with little circulation.
Short or scattered runs of serials or periodicals, particularly if not indexed
When applying these general guidelines the Library staff (Research Librarians, Library Manager, Information Systems/Collection Access Services and Supervisor, Document Delivery/Interlibrary Loan) should consider the discipline's literature, such as the extent to which a discipline relies upon retrospective sources, the use of foreign language information, and the possibility that Library materials being considered for discard may be unique to the Library collection and not available at other U.S. or international libraries.

Withdrawal Procedures
The Library Manager and Information Systems, Collection Access staff will work collaboratively on these special projects. Additional library staff may also be included as deemed appropriate by the Library Manager.

The Library facility space deficits, acquiring materials in other formats, and general continued evaluation of our collections, and Academy staff research requirements, warrant the need to periodically weed our collections. The Library will often conduct systematic weeding in anticipation of conversion of records to electronic format, or at the time of the cancellation or cessation of a serial. The Library will seriously consider withdrawal of holdings of back volumes when:

The Library will take special care to avoid inadvertent withdrawal of volumes that are unique, that constitute the whole of a short run, or have valuable research content related to the work of the institution. In all cases, The Library, as a research library maintains the responsibility for preserving even infrequently used materials in areas where the materials are required by Academy staff.

The Library supports the information requirements of the institution. Therefore, the Library collects or provides access to materials in multiple formats, including electronic formats available over the Internet. The Library has determined that the procurement of electronic formats brings with it new challenges and warrants a separate collection development policy focusing on their selection, acquisition, and provision of access.

Scope
This policy seeks to address the selection and acquisition of electronic resources accessible via the Internet, including:

This policy covers electronic resources for which the Library gains free access, access at a reduced rate because the Library subscribes to the print, or purchase of access to an electronic-only version.

The Library will pursue the purchase of other types of resources as these develop in the future and meet the guidelines outlined herein. This policy does not address offline electronic resources, such as CD-ROMs or microcomputer software, which are covered in other collection development policies.

Principal Access Point and Provision of Access
The Library Integrated Library System does not currently contain access to all electronic resources, which the Library acquired by vendor license agreements. This integration of the Library’s electronic resources is a front burner priority for the Library. The Library recognizes that providing a single-user access point to electronic resources results in increased productivity and reduced research time. The Library will maximize access to the Library’s electronic resources through several means: (1) cataloging of resources (2) necessary archiving and/or storage (3) providing appropriate end-user support and training to Academy staff for optimal use.

Selection Responsibility: The Library staff (Library Manager, Research Librarians, Supervisor, Document Delivery/Interlibrary Loan, and Information Systems/Collection Access Librarian) is responsible for selecting electronic resources for the library. Academy staff is welcome and encouraged to suggest electronic resources to be added to this collection. Academy staff can submit their suggestions via email to the Library Manager. Suggestions should include a brief justification statement and if possible, any known costs. The Library may, by virtue of our Funding Partnership Statement request funding from other divisions or operating units.
Funding: Although many Internet resources are available free of charge many publishers are moving towards a fee-based model. The Library staff will collaborate when purchase is determined to be necessary. The Library Manager provides all decisions on if, when, and how Library budget funds for electronic resources will be used. When necessary, the Library Manager will consider other allocations for electronic resources deemed major purchases and consult with other Academy staff as appropriate.

Trial Periods for Electronic Resources
The Library recognizes that the best way to evaluate electronic (Internet) resources is to have staff and patrons use them.

The Library will generally not obtain trials for access to web-based journals unless there are extenuating circumstances that warrant a trial period. Trial access is determined by the Library Manager in accordance with recommendations by other Library staff and other Academy staff as appropriate.

The Library will, when possible, establish trial periods for electronic resources, particularly, high-priced resources. The Library staff, specifically Research Librarians, take primary responsibility for the promotion, marketing of and training of Academy staff for all electronic resources trials. The Library Manager will collaborate with Staff Development Programs on scheduling formal training or demonstration sessions of electronic resources trials. The Library will use other marketing efforts such as Open House events, Division All Staff Meetings, etc. to promote the use of all electronic resources trials. The Library Research Librarians will work with the Library Manager on these efforts to give Academy staff ample opportunity to evaluate electronic resources that The Library has deemed worthy of evaluation. Academy staff should, upon completion of or during all trial periods, provide The Library Manager evaluative feedback on all electronic resources trials.

Academy Staff Feedback: Electronic Resources Trials
The Library exercises considerable effort and negotiation with vendors to acquire trials to electronic resources for Academy staff. Often these negotiations involve the elimination of several thousands of dollars of service fees. The Library values the opinion of our customers, Academy staff and requests that upon completion of, or during electronic resources trials, Academy staff feedback should address the following points:

Adherence to Other Collection Development Guidelines
The Library purchase of electronic resources will follow the general guidelines stated in the Collection Development policies whether general or subject specific. Specifically, the purchase of electronic resources should consider chronological, geographical, language, and date of publication guidelines set forth in general or subject specific policies. As with other materials the Library will also:

Specific Format Criteria
In addition to content, the Library staff (specifically the Library Manager and Research Librarians) will consider the following criteria in acquiring electronic resources:

The improvement or enhancement that the resource will give to existing print materials.
The compatibility of the resource with existing hardware that exists within the Institution. The Library staff will inform and consult with PC Analysts, Director ISSG and other appropriate Information Technology Services staff as appropriate for electronic resources trials, prior to the trial launch, and prior to the formal launch of electronic resources
The broad accessibility of the resource under present copyright laws and licensing agreements.
Library budget constraints
The currency and relevancy of the resource’s information
The user-friendliness and flexibility of the resource.
The necessity of archiving and/or availability of archives.
IP authentication (no password or ID required) is the preferred method of providing access to and controlling access to electronic resources procured by the Library.
Funding Partnerships with other divisions requirement

The Library recognizes that every electronic resource considered for the institution does not have to meet every individual criterion mentioned above to be recommended. However, Library staff (specifically Research Librarians and other Academy staff as appropriate) should attempt to select resources that adequately meet as many of the selection criteria as is possible.

Internet-Based Versions of Print Subscriptions
The Library will, when possible, make electronic versions available for our print journal collection by virtue of the publishers free or small-fee procurement model. Library staff will confirm the completeness of the electronic version (it’s not just Table of Contents) and determine costs (if applicable) before subscribing.

Licensing
The Library will negotiate vendor-licensing agreements in adherence the Principles for Licensing Electronic Resources (developed by The American Library Association (ALA), the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), and other library organizations). The Library will also reference the ARL practical guide, Licensing Electronic Resources, which provides basic questions to be answered before licensing products. The Library Manager, will determine, as appropriate, when to consult with The National Academies Office of Contracts before signing license agreements for electronic resources. Generally, the Office of Contracts is consulted on contracts for high cost aggregator services. The Library will provide the Academy Office of Contracts with one copy of all Library licensed content contracts signed by the vendor and the Library Manager.

The Library, in general, has the following preferences for licensed electronic resources:

Electronic content should cost less than its print analog, unless there is substantial added value.
Costs for print and electronic formats should be separated and the Library should not have to purchase both.
Content and access costs should be separated. The Library should have flexibility in selecting appropriate access mechanisms (consortia resource sharing arrangements, etc.)
The purchasing power of the Library collections budget is declining; information providers should, but often many do not, recognize this reality and control both initial costs and inflationary increases.
The Library prefers pricing based on the size of the actual Academy community that will use the electronic information, or the actual recorded use (either unlimited simultaneous use or transaction-based licensing) as opposed to pricing based on the size of the total institution’s population.
The license should include permanent rights to information that has been paid for, in the event that a licensed database is subsequently cancelled or removed.
Information providers should employ a standard agreement that describes the rights of libraries and their authorized users in terms that are readable and explicit, and they should reflect realistic expectations concerning the Library’s ability to monitor use and discover abuse. Agreements should contain consistent business and legal provisions, including, for example, indemnification against third-party copyright infringement liability and permission to use records in personal bibliographic systems.
The Library "authorized users" include Academy staff only. Licensed resources are not for the use by the general public.
The licensed content, plus any associated features and capabilities, should be accessible from all institutionally supported computing platforms and networked environments; this access must be based on current standards (e.g., Z39.50 compliant) in use by the library community.
Licenses should permit fair use of all information for non-commercial, education, instructional, and research purposes by authorized users, including unlimited viewing, downloading and printing.
Information providers should be able to link their access control mechanisms to The National Academies IP authentication infrastructure, when possible; access to their products should not require individual passwords and/or user IDs.
The National Academies use of licensed data should be available to The National Academies as part of contractual provisions for a license and the confidentiality of individual users (Academy staff) and their searches must be full protected.
Data formats should follow industry standards and must be fully documented. Data should be platform-independent and available in multiple formats (e.g., ASCII, PDF, SGML, etc.).
The Library must be able to provide access to Academy staff from convenient workstations connected to a network infrastructure that is reasonably fast. System capacity and bandwidth should be adequate to provide fast response time. The Library Manager will coordinate and collaborate with all appropriate Information Technology Systems staff on all technical issues prior to formal rollout of desktop resources.
Information providers must keep the Library informed of format and content changes and coordinate their implementation with the Library and assure continuity of services to Academy staff.
Licenses should clearly state archival responsibilities of the provider and the Library.

Duplicate Formats
Ordinarily, The Library can seldom afford to duplicate resources in multiple formats. Possible justifications for duplicating electronic and print subscriptions or multiple electronic formats include:

Journals Fulltext Content List (Print and Electronic)
The National Academies Library will use the Electronic Journals website as the resource to communicate to Academy staff what fulltext journals are provided by the Library that are available either in print or electronic format. This website will include, to the most complete extent possible, a list of what fulltext journals the Library has available regardless of where it resides within the Library collections. The eJournals website will include fulltext journals that are available from licensed database services such as Ingenta Gateway, ScienceDirect. LexisNexis, Dow Jones (Factiva), American Chemical Society Web Editions and Archives, Institute of Physics, Academic Search Premier and more. As new licensed electronic journals or print journals are added to the Library’s collections, Academy staff will use this website as the resource to learn what print and electronic journals are available for access.

The National Academies library will not publish or redistribute any content included on the eJournals website as this would not be duplicating information that is available on the eJournals website. Academy staff requesting a separate list of electronic journals will be directed to the Library’s eJournals website.

Weeding
Different subject areas obviously require different applications of generally accepted weeding principles. Nevertheless, ongoing weeding of Internet resources is a necessity because of the dynamic nature of such resources. These guidelines provide some suggestions for when to weed a resource:

Material, which has been lost or damaged, is replaced on the advice of Library Research Librarians, Library Manager and other library staff as appropriate. These requests usually are generated on the basis of Academy staff requests, collection inventory results, or the appearance of a deteriorated copy on the library shelves. The replacement criterion that follows does not pertain to replacement for materials borrowed through the Library Document Delivery/Interlibrary Loan services. Generally the responsibility for replacement of these materials rests with the program or operations unit that requested the materials to be borrowed from another library. The following criteria are considered in the decision to replace a volume: