Kenneth H. Nealson, Chairman, Center for Great Lakes Studies, University of Wisconsin

James P. Ferris, Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Louis J. Lanzerotti, AT&T Bell Laboratories

Joseph M. Boyce, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA Headquarters

Roger Bourke, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

WORKSHOP PRESENTATIONS AND RESOURCE MATERIALS

NASA Planetary Protection Policy and Future Mars Mission Requirements—Review of the NASA Request, presentation by John D. Rummel, Planetary Protection Officer, NASA Headquarters, September 9, 1991

Historical Perspective and Some Issues Pertinent to Planetary Protection Policy, presentation by Harold P. Klein, Santa Clara University, September 9, 1991

NASA Planetary Protection Policy and Implementation, John D. Rummel, Planetary Protection Officer, NASA Headquarters, September 9, 1991

NASA Mars Exploration Planning (Code SL), Joseph M. Boyce, NASA Headquarters, September 9, 1991

NASA SEI Mars Exploration Planning (Code RZ), Lewis L. Peach, Office of Exploration, September 9, 1991

European Science Community Perspectives on Planetary Protection, presentation by Claudia Lindberg, Institute for Aerospace Medicine, DLR, Köln, Germany, September 9, 1991

USSR Mars Planning, presentation by Michail Ivanov, USSR Academy of Sciences, September 9, 1991

A Summary of the NASA Workshop on Planetary Protection Issues and Future Mars Missions, Donald L. DeVincenzi, NASA Ames Research Center, September 9, 1991

Overview of Probability of Growth (P_g) Workshop—Purpose, Major Issues, Conclusions, presentation by Harold P. Klein, Santa Clara University, September 9, 1991

Mars Surface Temperatures, presentation by Michael Carr, September 10, 1991

Biogeochemical Information About Mars Inferred from SNC Meteorites, presentation by James L. Gooding, Code SN/Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, September 10, 1991

Mars Soil Chemistry, presentation by Benton Clark, Martin Marietta, Denver, Colorado, September 10, 1991

Stability of Water and Ice on Mars, presentation by Bruce M. Jakosky, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, September 10, 1991

UV and Radiation Stress, presentation by Richard B. Setlow, Brookhaven National Laboratory, September 10, 1991

Sporulation and Resting Forms and the Survival Capacity, written presentation by Philipp Gerhardt, Michigan State University, September 10, 1991

Detection of Nucleic Acids and Citations Indicating the Inadequacy of Microscopic and Culture Methods for Describing Microbial Communities, presentation by Thomas Schmidt, September 10, 1991

Scientific and Technological Issues Associated with Sample Return Missions, presentation by Roger D. Bourke, Manager, Exploration Initiative Studies Office, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, September 11, 1991

Alternative Sterilization Methods, presentation by Robert Howell, Bionetics Corporation, September 11, 1991

Societal Issues Associated with Planetary Protection and Back Contamination, presentation by Margaret Race, University of California, Berkeley, September 11, 1991

Exobiology and Planetary Protection—The Evolving Law, presentation by George S. Robinson, Smithsonian Institution, September 11, 1991

Papers Cited

"Action Spectra for Survival and Spore Photoproduct Formation of Bacillus subtilis Irradiated with Short-Wavelength (200-300 nm) UV at Atmospheric Pressure and in Vacuo" (J. Photochem. Photobiol. B:Biol. 11:69-80, June 7, 1991) C. Lindberg and G. Horneck, Köln, Germany

"Can Spores Survive in Interstellar Space?" (Nature 316:403-407, August 1985), Peter Weber and Mayo Greenberg, Laboratory of Astrophysics, University of Leiden, 2313 A.V. Leiden, The Netherlands

"Ejection of Rock Fragments from Planetary Bodies" (Geology, pp. 144-148, February 1985), H. Jay Melosh, Lunary and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona

"Evolutional and Ecological Implications of the Properties of Deep-Sea Barophilic Bacteria" (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:9542-9546, December 1986), A. Aristides Yayanos, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California

"First Biological and Dosimetric Results of the Free Flyer Biostack Experiment A0015 on LDEF," G. Reitz, H. Bucker, R. Facius, G. Horneck, M. Schafer, and J.U. Schott, DLR, FF-ME, Biophysics Division, Linder Hohe, 5000 Köln 90, Germany

"Ionizing Radiation at the Surface of Mars" (unpublished paper), James L. Gooding and Gautaum D. Badhwar, September 10, 1991

"The Large Crater Origin of SNC Meteorites" (Science 237:738-743, August 14, 1987), A.M. Vickery and H.J. Melosh

"Long-Term Exposure of Bacterial Spores to Space" (submitted to Nature), G. Horneck, H. Bucker, G. Reitz, Institute for Aerospace Medicine, DLR, Linder Hohe, 5000 Köln 90, Germany

"The Rocky Road to Panspermia" (Nature 332:6166, April 21, 1988), Jay Melosh, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona

"Spore Thermoresistance Mechanisms" (Chapter 2 from Regulation of Procaryotic Development, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1989), Philipp Gerhardt and Robert E. Marquis

Other Resource Materials

DeVincenzi, D.L., H.P. Klein, and J. Bagby. 1991. Planetary Protection Issues and Future Mars Missions. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.

"European Space Report," Policy Issues in East and West, Volume 2, Number 14, n.d.

Excerpts from Recommendations on Quarantine Policy for Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Titan, Committee on Planetary Biology and Chemical Evolution, Space Science Board, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1978

Klein, H.P. 1991. Planetary Protection Issues for the MESUR Mission: Probability of Growth (P_g). NASA conference publication. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.

"Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR)," NASA informational brochure, n.d.

"Marsnet—A Mars Network of Surface Stations" (unpublished white paper), G.E.N., Scoon, ESA/ESTEC, n.d.

Mazur, Peter. 1980. "Limits to Life at Low Temperatures and at Reduced Water Contents and Water Activities." Origins Life 10:137-159.

Revised Planetary Protection Policy, presentation by D. DeVincenzi to Space Science Board, October 10, 1985

Spaceflight Environmental Effects Newsletter, Special Issue, Volume 1, Number 5, August 10, 1990

"The Viking Mission and the Question of Life on Mars," Journal of Mo-lecular Evolution, 14, Numbers 1-3, 1979